Page:Notes and Queries - Series 12 - Volume 2.djvu/21

 12 S. II. JULY 1, 1916.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

15

a decision rendered in 1819 Chief Justice John Marshall wrote :

" The Government of the Union, then (whatever may be the influence of this fact on the case), is, emphatically and truly, a Government of the people. In form and substance it emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them, and are to be exercised directly on them, and for their benefit." 4Wheaton, 405.

In a speech made in Boston on May 29, 1850, Theodore Parker said :

"This is what I call the American idea The

idea that all men have unalienable rights ; that in respect thereof, all men are created equal ; and that government is to be established and sustained for the purpose of giving every man an opportunity for the enjoyment and development of all these unalienable rights. This idea demands, as the proximate organization thereof, a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people : of course, a government after the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of Goa ; for shortness' sake, I will call it the idea of freedom." "Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons,' 1852, ii. 176.

And in another speech delivered in Boston on May 31, 1854, Theodore Parker expressed the same thought in somewhat different language, as follows :

" First there is the democratic idea : that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain natural rights ; that these rights are alienable only by the possessor thereof ; that they are equal in all men ; that government is to organize these natural, unalienable and equal rights into institutions designed for the good of the governed; and therefore government is to be of all the people, by all the people, and for all the people. Here government is development, not exploitation." 'Additional Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons,' 1855, ii. 25.

ALBERT MATTHEWS.

Boston, U.S.

FRANCIS BACON: LORD BACON (12 S. i. 487). Macaulay's essay on the philosopher appears under the title of Lord Bacon. He probably made use of this style as being a permissible contraction of Lord Chancellor Bacon. N. W. HILL.

ACCIDENTAL LIKENESSES (12 S. i. 348. 438, 496). Since sending my last note on this subject I have received through ' N. & Q.' a photograph of an accidental grouping of stones and sand in the river inside Wookey Hole Cave, 600 feet from daylight, showing an astonishing likeness to the face of a man lying down. The photograph was taken by artificial light. The lower half of the face is reflected in the smooth water so distinctly that 8t first it is hardly seen to be a reflection ; through that circumstance, however, perfect symmetry has been the result.

The original occasion of my inquiry was a somewhat distant resemblan<. ; .: man's face in a photograph, firmly believed by a oorrespondent to be a " spirit photograph," but by me and two or three profe: photographers attributed to some accidental defect in the plate or in the developing thereof. J. T. F.

Durham.

The Rock of Gibraltar, when seen from Algeciras on the opposite side of the bay, has a remarkable resemblance to a lion couchant facing towards Spain. The Spaniards, however, call it el cuerpo muerto (the dead body), for the outline of the upper portion is very like that of a man's corpse covered with a sheet. G. S. PARRY.

GAVELKIND (11 S. xii. 379, 428). Not only disgavelled lands, but those also origin- ally held in chief, are exempt from the custom of Gavelkind. From want of knowledge of the history of the tenure many intestates' estates which should follow the law of primogeniture have been wrongly distributed. Mr. Herbert W. Knocker of Sevenoaks, District Registrar for Kent of the Manorial Society, has collected much information on this subject, and is the author of ' Special Land Tenure,' No. 5 of the Society's publica- tions. NATHANIEL J. HONE.

Henley-on-Thames.

ARCHER AND BOWMAN (12 S. i. 29). L. G. R. says he has not found these surnames " placed chronologically or locally by any writer on names and places." Capt. .1. H. Lawrence-Archer attempted this as regards the former family in a series jof papers contributed to Herald and Genealogist, vol. ii., 1863-5, pp. 523-43. These articles were supplementary to his ' Memorials of Families of the Surname of Archer,' London, 1861, which does not profess to be more than an introduction to the subject. I believe he contemplated a fuller and scientifically arranged history of the Archer ftunili.- in Great Britain and Ireland. Some portion* of his collection towards this end nr<- in B.M. Add. MS. 19 c. 27,975. I myself have gathered thousands of references to the Archer family, but I do not find, as L. G. R. puts it, that Archer and Bowman " were indifferently applied to holders of these surnames." So far as my researches go, t Ins happens but rarely.

The Archers of Hampshire (Bent ley), Northampton (Sibertoft), Hereford (I ton, Bolinghope, Clehangre, Aston-Inghnm), Stafford (Walsall), Warwick (CUdeootofc