Page:Notes and Queries - Series 11 - Volume 8.djvu/484

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NOTES AND QUERIES. [n s. VIL JUNE u, 1913.

those killed is concerned. E. J. Lowell says :

" The force of German mercenaries which England maintained in America from 1776 to 1783 averaged not very far from twenty thousand men. In the course of that time about thirty thousand soldiers were brought over, and seven- teen thousand three hundred and thirteen re- turned to Germany when the war was ended."

A little later he gives the exact number of those sent over as 29,867, and adds :

" Of the 12,554 who did not return, my own estimate is as follows : Killed and died of wounds, 1,200 ; died of illness and accident, 6,354 ; deserted, 5,000." ' The Hessians,' pp. 282, 300.

Hence there perished only about 7,554.

COL. SOTJTHAM says that

" the employment of foreign troops, who were forwarded to America like slaves, had done much to incense the Americans and hurry forward the Declaration of Independence."

Independence was declared on 4 July, 1776, while the first division of Hessians did not pass Sandy Hook until 15 August following. The literature relating to the Hessians in America is extensive.

ALBERT MATTHEWS. Boston, U.S.

HERALDIC : ALBERT SMITH ENTITLED TO BEAR ARMS (US. vii. 410). Boutell says :

" The object of placing two or more coats of arms on one shield is chiefly to exhibit the descent of the bearer from the heiresses, or coheiresses, of other families .... It is obvious that if in every instance the arms of a mother were borne by her sons, with their father's arms, and the two thus united were to be continually transmitted, the complication would render heraldry altogether impossible."

The six grandsons of William Smith leaving no issue, their two sisters would be coheir- esses, in which case their descendants could quarter the Smith arms with their own.

The descendants of William Smith's daughter would not be entitled to do so unless their ancestress was coheiress with her mother. WILFRED DRAKE.

"THE QUERKE OF THE SEA" (11 S. vii"

409). " Querke of the sea " = Wreck of the sea, qu=w as in Scotch. It is always men- tioned among the list of royal rights, such as is given in MR. MAYHEW'S quotation. A few minutes after seeing the query I came upon the following illustration of the royal right of wreck :

"3 Dec., 1360. Windsor. Because the King is given to understand that very many ships laden with wines, &c., are lately broken on the sea shore by a tempest at sea, and that the masts of these ships and other goods in the ships per- taining to the King as wreck are cast ashore in the ports of Hull, Hartlepool, Lynn, Newcastle,

Berwick, and other places in the north, he has appointed his serjeant-at-arms, John de Haddon,. bo arrest the said wreck for him." ' Cal. of Patent Bolls, 1358-61,' p. 517.

M. H. DODDS.

THE CATHEDRAL AT PISA (11 S. vii. 410). J. D. affirms the suspension of a green cardinal's hat from the ceiling of the Pisan Cathedral. Wherever green, the colour of a bishop, displaces red, the colour of a cardinal, it shows that the patronage (patronato) belonged to a bishop (vescovile), and was not under a cardinal's (cardinalizio) protection. Such was the case in Pisa.

The letters " O. R. GE.," mentioned by J. D. as on the cathedral chairs, are probably a misreading of " O. P. A. ; " letters which are frequently placed on things to signify they are the property of the fabric or "Works Department" of the sacred build- ing. WILLIAM MERCER.

The hat resembling a cardinal's is, I believe, that, instead, of an archbishop, of green silk, with cords and tassels to match that which would be found painted on the escutcheon of such a prelate, and which is said to date from the fifteenth century, and is said by some authors to have been first used in Spain.

Of the letters " O.R.CE.," I would suggest that the last refers to the goods (i.e., chairs) as the distinct property of the treasurer (OEconomus) of certain religious orders which frequent the Duomo of Pisa.

ST. CLAIR BADDELEY.

A green hat does not pertain to a cardinal, but to an archbishop or a bishop. The archbishop is entitled to have ten tassels on each side ; but a bishop ought to be content with six, i.e., with twelve instead of twenty in all. Your red-hatted cardinal has fifteen on the right and fifteen on the left. I do not know the name of the digni- tary whose hat is dangling at Pisa : there have been many whom it would fit.

ST. SWITHIN.

HENRY MORRIS (11 S. vii. 287, 354, 415). His name first appears in the Burnley Registers on 17 Feb., 1638/9, when his daughter Mary was christened, he being described as Curate of Burnley. In the- following year he is called " of Burnley minister."

He was never the parish clerk, but whilst he was at Burnley the entries in the Register were in his handwriting. On 20 Sept., 1653, he was chosen by the inhabitants and householders to be their Parish Registrar,