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NOTES AND QUERIES. [io s. VIL MABCH 2, 1007.

likely to be advanced by such organizers. Great philanthropically aided migrations from persecution in Russia to the personal liberty of North or South America have occurred, and are likely to be organized so long as the occasion continues. But this does not provide autonomy, nor can the word " territorialist " be applied to the director of such a movement or its par- ticipants.

MB. BRESLAR'S phrases are peculiarly his own ; his views are confined to a few ; and the movement he acclaims has the support only of a class unfamiliar with Russia and the aims or requirements of the prospective .emigrant. ALECK ABRAHAMS.

39, Hillmarton Road, N. [We cannot insert any more on this subject.]

BELL-HORSES : PACK-HORSES (10 S. vi. 469; vii. 33, 110). In 'Notes on Spanish Amulets,' in Folk-lore, xvii. 461, it is said that

" small bells are in common use, frequently with other amuletic objects. Practically every horse, mule, or donkey in .Spain wears a bell, however tiny .and feeble it may be, not necessarily, perhaps, as an .acknowledged protection, but certainly as a con- cession to some once universal custom. To many children's amulets, also, there are little bells .attached. It is fair to assume that the sound of these bells, as amongst the ancient Romans and the modern Italians, was formerly intended to keep the wearer from witchcraft and fascination."

G. W.

Perhaps I may be allowed to add a note or two to DR. BRUSHFIELD'S interesting paper. We have here a dealer in antiquities whose keen observation and retentive memory make him a trustworthy guide, .and if anything is ploughed or dug up in this neighbourhood, it usually finds its way to his hands. He well remembers pack- horses coming into the city by North Gate, bringing in corn from country farms. They were decorated with bells hung on frames, .as described ante, p. 33, the first horse having three bells, the second four, and the third five, the bells being of varying sizes .and harmonizing well. The man showed me a large spherical horse-bell of bronze, 9 in. in circumference, attached by an iron ring to a staple, welded into a leather collar, which must have hung round the horse's neck. The width of the collar is nearly 2 in. The bell has two round holes above, and a wide aperture beneath. A detached iron ball inside sounds at every movement. My friend called this bell a " nimbler," a word which I fail to find in the dialect dictionaries. Beneath the narrow

band which encircles the centre of the bell the metal is finely chased, and on either side of the slit are the letters W. R. (? Willielmus Rex, i.e., William III.). Three small bells of similar construction were ploughed up on a hul-farm near Lavant last December. Their circumference is 3 in. They do not exactly match (externally), but their note is the same. Cow- and sheep-bells made of sheet iron, just like the old Irish bells, were used on the Downs here not long ago. They vary a little in size and weight, but are generally about 7 in. in height by 15 in. in circumference. St. Patrick's bell, as illus- trated in Smith and Cheetham's ' Diet, of Christian Antiquities,' is almost a ditto of the typical cow-bell of Sussex. Some interesting notices of bells attached to animals are to be found in Magius, ' De Tintinnabulis,' Amstelsedami, 1689. This is a scarce little book, but it is reprinted, with its illustrations, in the second volume of De Sallengre's folio ' Thesaurus of Roman Antiquities,' as also is Angelo Rocca's interesting treatise ' De Campanis,' dealing with the antiquities of church bells. Finally, Dr. George Stephens (' Handbook of Runic Ornaments,' ed. 1884, p. 183) figures and describes two Swedish bracteates which have a rudely designed horse in their centre, with something on his back which may be intended for a crate or crook. Prof. Stephens deciphers the inscription HHL^EDTJ-

TJIG.'E ALTE-TJIL^EA FIH/EDTJ (Hlsedwig for

Alte-Uilse made this). The first name, he says, means lade-wigg, " pack-horse," " carrying-nag," and is the goldsmith's rebus-play on his own name.

CECIL DEEDES. Chichester.

' LAWYERS ix LOVE ' (10 S. vii. 90). This novel was by W. J. N. Neale (1812- 1893), a notice of whom will be found in the ' D.N.B.' Neale was never included in ' Men of the Time,' a much less useful book than the one that has supplanted it, namely, ' Who's Who.' Further informa- tion about his family will be found in Foster's ' Men at the Bar,' 1885, one of the most useful books I have.

In early life Neale wrote a number of novels, nearly all naval and mostly anonyma. My only authority for saying the above work is his is that it is put under his name in ' The London Catalogue, 1816-51,' and in * The English Catalogue,' with the date 1844. It is not included in the list of his works in the ' D.N.B.'; but there is no doubt it is by him.