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NOTES AND QUERIES. [io* s. i. MABCH 12, WM.

the same. Whereas the arras of Mandeville are Quarterly, or and gules, the arras of Clavering are Quarterly, or and gules, a bend sable. Perhaps it may not be out of place to remark that Geoffrey, the great Earl of Essex, a man who rivalled the king him- self in power, was destined to die the death of Richard Coeur de Lion. But more tragic was the fate which awaited his corpse :

" Unshriven, he had passed away laden with the curses of the Church. His soul was lost for ever; and his body no man might bury. As the earl was drawing his last breath there came upon the scene some Knights Templar, who flung over him the garb of their order so that he might at least die with the red cross upon his breast. Then, proud in the privileges of their order, they carried the remains to London, to their ' Old Temple ' in Holborn. There the earl's corpse was enclosed in a leaden coffin, which was hung, say some, on a gnarled fruit tree, that it might not contaminate the earth, or was hurled, according to others, into a pit without the churchyard. So it remained, for nearly twenty years, exposed to the gibes of the Londoners, the earl's deadly foes. Ultimately the Templars buried the coffin in their new graveyard, where, around the nameless resting-place of the great champion of anarchy, there was destined to rise, in later days, the home of English law."

For much additional information about the great earl and the doom of the Mande- villes I may refer MR. CAEEY to 'Geoffrey de Mandeville : a Study of the Anarchy,' by J. H. Round (Longmans & Co., 1893).

HENRY GERALD HOPE.

119, Elms Road, Clapham, S.W.

Has MR. CAREY overlooked two replies to his previous question at 8 th S. xii. 289, 437 1

EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road.

CARDINALS AND CRIMSON ROBES (9 th S xii 486 J 10 th S. i. 71, 157).-! agree that' the authors whom I quoted at the second refer- ence mean by "purple" what S. P. E. S means by " violet," but the confusion in the use of the former word which he notes is paralleled by a similar confusion in the use Of many other terras denoting colour. For example, he calls the red robes of a cardinal dark crimson," while I should call them deep scarlet,'' but this is by the way

F;i.7T?Tp lOI? l ar H?r T ? his communication.

'. Dld Boniface VIII. in 1297 or 1299 (not

90) in granting "purple" to the cardinals

! T iem, fcheir red robes or their "violet"

Mat * y w a ? th r8 Say the lafcter > nor d oes Mackenzie Walcott appear to contradict them. Secondly, What is the meaning of " violet " as applied to .the soutanes of bishops, which s admitted the'' violet" robes of cardinals . he viola cea paramenta" by the general rubrics of the

Roman Missal for penitential seasons? Durandus ('Rationale,' cap. 18) saj r s, "Ad rubeum colorem coccineus [refertur], ad nigrum violaceus, qui aliter coccus vocatur." In this passage I understand "coccineus" to mean scarlet, and "coccus," crimson. At any rate, the bishops I have seen have all worn robes not the colour of the violet, but rather of the cyclamen, i.e. a dull crimson, and this is most usually the colour of " violacea paramenta." In this connexion it is interesting to find in the Orphica the KVKXa.fj.is called toeioVj?. If, then, ecclesiastic- ally " violet " means usually (or even merely includes) dull crimson, it may surely be called " purple." I should contend further that, in its narrowest meaning, as the colour of the flower, "violet" is not incorrectly called "purple." The flower itself is called " pur- purea " by Pliny (' Nat. Hist.,' lib. xxi. capp. xi., xix.), and " purpurans" by Arnobius (lib. v. p. 160). Further, Cornelius Nepos is quoted by Pliny ('N. H.,' lib. ix. cap. xxxix.) as saying, " Me juvene violacea purpura vigebat, cujus libra denariis centum venibat"; and the ' Century Dictionary ' gives as one mean- ing of "violaceous," "purple," " purplish." JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

CURIOUS CHRISTIAN NAMES (10 th S. i. 26, 170). In the pedigree of Bulstrode of Upton, Bucks, quoted in Dr. Lipscomb's history of that county, vol. iv. p. 572, the (sole) Christian name of Coluberry twice occurs (in the case of daughters) in different genera- tions. R. B.

Upton.

"THE CROWN AND THREE SUGAR LOAVES" (10 th S._ i. 167). No. 44, Fenchurch Street, which is distinguished by a gilt sign of the "Three Sugar Loaves and Crown," is re- markable in being one of the few remaining of the genuinely old commercial houses within the precincts of the City proper. The house itself, as it stands to-day, is the identical structure erected after the Great Fire, and is consequently close upon 240 years old. The firm is, indeed, still older than that, having been established in 1650, on the present site, by Daniel Rawlinson, friend of Pepys, in that year. Even at this early period the respectability of the firm is in- dicated by the friendship of its head with a man of such high social status as the frank- hearted voluptuary who filled the office of Secretary for the Navy. Pepys was " mightily troubled " on being told by one Battersby that "after all his sickness and himself (Raw- linson) spending all the last year in the country, one of his men is now dead of the