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 A.Antitrust Principles Related to Manufacturer Restrictions on Repair Manufacturer restrictions on aftermarket competition may be subject to claims under Section 1 or Section 2 of the Sherman Act or Section 5 of the FTC Act. Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits agreements that restrain competition. Section 2 prohibits monopolization or attempted monopolization by a single entity, as well as by combination or conspiracy. Liability for monopolization requires proof that the defendant possesses monopoly power in a relevant market and has engaged in “the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.” Section 5 of the FTC act prohibits unfair methods of competition. Section 5’s unfair methods of competition standard encompasses conduct that violates the Sherman and Clayton Acts, but also prohibits conduct that does not meet the technical requirements of those statutes. Section 3 of the Clayton Act, which prohibits certain contractual arrangements (such as tying or exclusivity arrangements) involving goods (but not services) that may substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly, also may apply.