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 which is impious in its origin and in its pretensions, will find itself completely annihilated.

"If, on the contrary, you class as impious, or at least less agreeable to God, the fine arts, the sciences, and the great industrious combinations; if you seek to prolong your dominion over the human race by means which have served your predecessors to acquire it in the middle ages; if you continue to present mystical ideas as the most important of all for the happiness of the human race; the artists, the men of science, and the chiefs of industry, will league with Cæsar against you; they will open the eyes of the vulgar upon the absurdity of your doctrines, upon the monstrous abuse of your power; and you will then have no other resource, to preserve a social existence, than to constitute yourselves instruments of the temporal power. Cæsar will use you as instruments to oppose the progress of civilization, by continuing to fix the attention of the people upon mystical and superstitious ideas, and by diverting them as much as possible from all instruction in the fine arts, in the sciences of observation, and in industrious combinations. To make the temporal power be respected, with which you have been at war until now, will then become your great object; to preach passive obedience to kings, to prove that they ought not to give an account of their actions but to God only, and that in any case their subjects cannot, without crime, refuse obedience; these are the labours, by means of which you will preserve your honours and your riches.

"It remains, most holy father, for me to speak of one very important object.

"The papal unity, which has hitherto been only a unity of authority, has been sufficient to unite together till now the different orders of clergy; because the clergy themselves, and much more so the laity, were still in ignorance. Now that this unity can no longer form a sufficient tie, it is necessary to establish clearly the unity of a material object in all the labours of the clergy. It is necessary that the papacy render public