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 essential in the initial stage of any science. But every science strives to get beyond it. Unfortunately, owing to the way in which for over two thousand years philosophic thought has been dominated by its background of Aristotelian logic, all attempts to combine the set of special sciences into a philosophic cosmology, giving some understanding of the universe — all these attempts are vitiated by an unconscious relapse into these Aristotelian forms as the sole mode of expression. The disease of philosophy is its itch to express itself in the forms, “Some S is P”, or “All S is P”.

Returning to the special sciences, the third step is the endeavour to obtain quantitative decisions. In this stage the typical questions are, “How much P is involved in S?” and “How many S’s are P?” In other words, number, quantity, and measurement have been introduced. A simple-minded handling of these quantitative notions can