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388 388 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Fries. — Calendrier des champignons sous la latitude moyenne de la Suede, par M. Elias Fries, Professeur de Botanique a l'Universite d'Upsal. Ann. S. N. tome xii. pp. 298-319.

This memoir is a translation of a communication read by M. Fries to the Academy of Sciences, at Stockholm, on the 13th May, 1857. It contains, in addition to some introductory re- marks, an account of the Fungi which appear at different times of the year, which the author divides into twelve periods : — 1. The glacial period (mensis glacialis, L.), including January and February, or the greater part of it. 2. The period of thaw {men- sis regelationis, L.), from the end of the February to the 15th or 21st of April. 3. The period of sowing, or of the flowering of the AmentacesB (mensis germinationis, L,). 4. The period of the open- ing of leaves (mensis frondescenlicE, L.), from the middle of May to the second week in June. 5. The period of the solstice (mensis jlorescentice, L.), corresponding to the three latter weeks of the month of June. 6. Midsummer, comprising the greater part of the month of July. 7. The period of hay-harvest (mensis matu- rationis, L.), including the last week of July and the first two weeks of August. 8. Harvest-time {messis, L.), extending over the latter half of August and the first eight days of September.

9. The end of summer (L'arriere-ete, Efter sommaren) (mensis disseminationis, L.), from September 8 to the end of the month.

10. The fall of the leaf (mensis defoliationis, L.), commencing with the first nights of intense frost, usually at the end of Sep- tember or the beginning of October. 11. The period of frost (mensis congelationis, L.), when mild days alternate with frosty nights, corresponding usually with November. 12. The period of snow, or the time when snow lies, being usually December.

Hoffmann. — Untersuchungen iiber die Keimung der Pilzsporen von Hermann Hoffmann. Jahrbiicher fur wissenschaftliche Botanik Band ii. Heft 3. Berlin, 1880. Hirchswald.

This paper contains figures of the spores of 48 species of Fungi belonging to different families ; the figures in most cases, though not in all, exhibiting also the mode of germination of the spores. In some instances the germinating thread or the con- tents of the spore were observed to assume a blue colour under iodine, or iodine and sulphuric acid, and the same reaction was observed in the asci of Bulgaria inquinans and Peziza vesiculosa. In speaking of the germination of Hymenogaster Klotzschii Tul. the author expresses an opinion that the hyaline sac spoken of by Tulasne as enclosing two spores, is not really a sac but an inver- sion of a very wide basidium. The second part of the paper con- tains an account of the author's apparatus and mode of observa- tion; some general remarks upon the development, structure and composition of spores, their mode of dispersion and germina- tion. The effect of light, of different degrees of temperature, and of various chemical substances upon germination is also dis-