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 8. Consumption of alcoholic beverages [9], since ethanol is metabolized by three pathways used for metabolism of other organic agents. After consumption of one drink, the ethanol concentration in the blood is about 1000 times higher than from a normal occupational exposure and may affect significantly the metabolism of industrial chemicals.

9. Medications [10], health, and diet.

Because of the variability of biomarkers, judgments on the exposure or health risk of workers frequently cannot be made based on a single determination. It may be necessary

5. REFERENCES

[1] Aitio, A. Biological Monitoring Today and Tomorrow, ''Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 20 special issue,'' 46-58 (1994).

[2] Droz, P.O. Biological Monitoring I: Sources of Variability in Human Response to Chemical Exposure, Applied Industrial Hygiene, 4(1), F-20 (1989).

[3] Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas), V., L. K. Lowry, J. Rosenberg. Biological Monitoring II: Measurements in Exhaled Air, Applied Industrial Hygiene, 4(2), F-10 (1989).

[4] Lowry, L. K., J. Rosenberg, V. Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas). Biological Monitoring III: Measurements in Urine, Applied Industrial Hygiene, 4(3), F-11 (1989).

[5] Rosenberg, J., V. Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas), L. K. Lowry. Biological Monitoring IV: Measurements in Urine, Applied Industrial Hygiene, 4(4), F-16 (1989).

[6] Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas), V., J. T. Pierce. Biological Monitoring V: Dermal Absorption, Applied Industrial Hygiene, 4(8), F-14 (1989).

[7] Droz, P. O., V. Fiserova-Bergerova (Thomas). Biological Monitoring VI: Pharmacokinetic Models Used in Setting Biological Exposure Indices, Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 7(9), 574 (1992).

[8] Ogata, M., V. Fiserova-Bergerova, P. O. Droz. Biological Monitoring VII: Occupational Exposures to Mixtures of Industrial Chemicals, Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 8(7), 609 (1993).

[9] Fiserova-Bergerova, V. Biological Monitoring VIII: Interference of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption with Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure of Industrial Chemicals, Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 8(9), 757 (1993).

[10] Rosenberg, J. Biological Monitoring IX: Concomitant Exposure to Medications and Industrial Chemicals, Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 9(5), 341 (1994).

[11] Lauwerys, R. R., P. Hoet. ''Industrial Chemical Exposure. Guidelines for Biological Monitoring,'' Ch. 1, Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1993).

[12] ''Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals. Organic Compounds,'' M. H. Ho, H. K. Dillon, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1987).

[13] ''Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals. Metals,'' H. K. Dillon, M. H. Ho, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1991).

[14] Biological Monitoring and Surveillance of Workers Exposed to Chemicals, A. Aitio, V. Riihimaki, H, Vainio, Eds., hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D. C.

[15] ''Biological Monitoring for Pesticide Exposure. Measurement, Estimation, and Risk Reduction,'' R. G. M. Wang, C. A. Franklin, R. C. Honeycutt, J. C. Reinert, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 382, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. (1989).

[16] ''Biological Monitoring. An Introduction,'' S. Que Hee, Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1993).

[17] Proceedings of International Symposium on Biological Monitoring, 12-15 October 1992, Kyoto, Japan, M. Ikeda, Ed., International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 65(1 Supplement) (1993).

[18] World Health Organization. Guidelines on Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure at the Work Place, Volumes 1 & 2, WHO, Geneva (in press). 1/15/98 Manual of Analytical Methods