Page:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods - 9109.pdf/28

 METHAMPHETAMINE. . . on Wipes by SPE: METHOD 9109, Issue 1, dated 17 October 2011 - Page 28 of 33

5.	Gauze in sterile packaging is recommended to minimize the chance for cross-contamination, which can more easily occur with open bulk packaged cotton gauze. 6.	To prevent contamination in the field, another alternative is to pre-wet and insert the gauze wipes into the sample containers off-site. This avoids any possibility of the bottle of methanol or isopropanol becoming contaminated on-site with methamphetamine (or other analytes). If the wipes were prepared off-site, then remove pre-wetted gauze wipe from sample container, opening only one sample container at a time. In either case, squeeze out and discard any excess solvent from the gauze wipe. Use fresh latex or nitrile gloves for each separate sample and blank. Do not use vinyl gloves due to the potential for leaching of phthalate plasticizers and contamination of the samples. 7.	Wipe techniques a.	 Concentric Squares Wiping Technique (particularly suitable for smooth and non-porous surfaces and described by OSHA [22]): Fold the pre-wetted gauze in half and then fold in half again. Using firm pressure wipe the area within the template. Start at one of the inside corners of the template and wipe in concentric squares, progressing toward the center. End with a scooping motion. Without allowing the gauze to touch any other surface, reverse the last fold so that the exposed side of the gauze is facing inward and using a fresh surface of the gauze, wipe the same area in the same manner as before. Roll or fold the gauze again and insert into the shipping container. b.	 Side-to-side Wiping (or Blotting) Technique (particularly suitable for rough, porous, and/or soiled surfaces): Fold the pre-wetted gauze in half and then fold in half again. Using firm pressure wipe or blot the area within the template with at least five overlapping side-to-side horizontal passes (see NOTE) beginning at the top and progressing to the bottom in a “Z” pattern. End with a scooping motion. If blotting, blot at least five times on each horizontal pass (see NOTE). Without allowing the gauze to touch any other surface, reverse the last fold so that the exposed side of the gauze is facing inward. Using a fresh surface of the gauze, wipe or blot the area again with at least five overlapping top-to-bottom vertical passes beginning at the left side and progressing to the right in an “N” pattern. If blotting, blot at least five times on each vertical pass. Roll or fold the gauze again and insert into the shipping container. Blotting is suggested in areas so soiled or rough that the threads of the gauze media are continually snagged. NOTE: On areas larger than 100 cm², more than five passes and blots will be needed. c.	 Repeat or Serial Wiping: If isopropanol is used for wiping, a serial or repeat wipe sample of the same area with a fresh gauze wipe will improve sampling efficiency. (See recoveries for second wipe in Tables 10a and 10b.) For serial wiping, repeat the wiping procedure described above (APPENDIX 7a or 7b) with a fresh gauze wipe. Place the second gauze wipe into the same shipping container as the first gauze. The 50-mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes are large enough to contain up to two gauze wipes. NOTE:	If the area to be wiped remains substantially wet from the first gauze, the second gauze wipe might be used in the dry state to soak up the residual solvent from the first gauze wipe. 8.	Composite sampling: Composite samples are allowed by some regulatory agencies. Their use for quantitative purposes may be subject to the permission and guidance of regulatory agencies. Refer to guidelines of regulatory agency for directions on composite sampling. A basic default guideline for composite sampling is as follows: Do not mix inconsistent samples, that is, areas wiped must be equal in area, sampled areas must have the same high or low probability of contamination, and sampled areas must relate to a specific target appliance or site and not to several appliances or incongruous sites combined. NOTE: Composite samples cannot meet specific action-threshold requirements for discrete sampling locations. Nor do composite samples consisting of four wipes, for example, improve the sensitivity by decreasing the LOD four fold; instead it raises the LOD by a factor related to the extra volume of desorption solution that is required to desorb a larger number of wipes. The following example illustrates these two points. Assume that the action level was 0.1 μg/100 cm². If the analysis gave an LOD of 0.06 μg/sample for a single wipe or discrete sample covering an area of 100 cm², then the LOD for the analysis could be expressed as 0.06 Method rev. 1.1.1

NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fifth Edition