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FURNACE. nus, oven; connected with Lat. formus, Gk. dtp- u6s^ thermos, Skt. yharma, hot, Eng. ivarm) . A structure in which to make and maintain a fire, the heat of which is used for heating, generating steam, smelting ores, melting metals and glass, baking pottery, and for a great variety of other purposes in science and the arts. Furnaces may be divided into the following classes: (1) Fur- naces in which the fire and the material to be heated are placed in contact. To thia class belong the open blacksmith fire (see Forge), blast-fur- nace, cupola or foundry furnace, etc. ( See Found- ing and Iron and Steel for descriptions of blast- furnaces and converters and foundry furnaces.) ( 2 ) Furnaces in which the fuel is in one compart- ment and the material to be heated in another, the material being heated by the llame and hot gases from the burning fuel. The most familiar form of this class of furnace is the reverberatory, employed in heating and melting iron and steel. (See Iron and Steel.) (3) Furnaces in which the material to be heated is within a close cham- ber or retort which is heated externally by the fire or by fiame and gases from the fire. Pot furnaces for making glass ( see Glass ), and cru- cible furnaces for making crucible steel (see Iron and Steel) are examples. Furnaces may employ gas, powdered coal, and oil as fuel. The Siemens gas furnace is used in steel manufacture. ( See Iron and Steel. ) Furnaces for generating steam and those for heating form in a measure classes in themselves. See Boilers ; Fuel ; Heat- ing AND Ventilation; Kilns.

FURNEAUX, fnr-nO^ Tobias (1735-81). An English navigator and discoverer, born at Swilly, near Plymouth. In 176G he accompanied Wallis in the latter's voyage around the world. Three years after his return in 17(58, he com- manded the Adventure in Captain Cook's voyage, but became separated from him, and continued his exploration independently along the coast of Tasmania, naming the principal points on it. A group of the Low Archipelago was subsequently named after him by Cook.

FURNEAUX ISLANDS. An Australasian group lying in latitude 17° S. and in longitude 143° 6' E., between Australia and Tasmania (]Map: Australia, H (>). They were discovered in 1773 by Tobias Furneaux.

FUR^NESS, Horace Howard (1833-). An American Shakespeare scholar, born in Phila- delphia. The son of William Henry Fiirness, n I'nitarian clerg^inan and author, lie graduated at Harvard in 1854. After a period in Europe, during which he received from Halle the degree of Ph.D.. he returned home, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He contrib- uted to Troubat and Haly's Practice on Kjcct- ment, etc., and was a meml)er of the Seybert commission to investigate modern spiritualism, but his Variorum Shakespeari' is his peculiar work. This he began early, and during the next twenty years issued thirteen volumes, as follows; Romeo 'and Juliet (1871); Macbeth (1873); Hamlet (2 vols., 1877); Lear (1880); Othello (1886); Merchant of Venice (1888); .4s Von Like ft (1890); Tempest (1802); Midftummcr Night's Dream (1805); Winter's Tale (1808); Much Ado About Nothinff (1809>: and Twelfth yifjht (1801). .\ssociated with him in his work was Ins wife, herself axithor of a Concordance to Shakespeare's poems, and his son, Horace How-

ard Furness, Jr. Everywhere the Variorum edi- tion has been received as a monument of scholar- ship, and the adoption, since 1886, of the text of the First Folio as the basis of the work, will by many be thought a distinct gain. Dr. Furness'a services to learning were recognized by Columbia and Harvard in the respective bestowmehts of Litt.D. and of LL.D.

FUR'NESS, William Henry (1802-96). A Unitarian clergyman. He was born in Boston, graduated from Harvard, studied theology at Cambridge, and was minister of the First Unita- rian Church of Philadelphia from 1825 to 1875. He was prominent in the anti-slavery movement. His writings include: Remarks on the Four Gos- pels (1838); History of Jesus (1850); The Unconscious Truth of the Four Gospels (1868) ; The Power of Spirit Manifested in Jesus of Nazareth (1877) ; The Story of the Resurrection Told Once More (1885).

FURNESS, William Hen-by, Jr. (1828-67). An American artist. He was born in Philadel- phia, early became interested in art, and studied in various cities of Europe. He commenced his career as portrait painter in Philadelphia, but soon aftenvards removed to Boston, where he met with great success. Among his sitters were • Charles Sumner, Lucretia Mott, and many other celebrities of the day. His portraits are ex- ceptional for good drawing and color, and their expression of characteristic traits.

FURNESS, William Henry, 3d ( 1866—). An American ethnologist, born at Wallingford, Dela- ware County, Pa. He was educated at Saint Paul's School, Concord, X. H., at Harvard, where he graduated in 1888, and at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania ( 1801 ). For scientific purposes he traveled much in South America, and writes interestingly of his re- searches there and elsewhere, in such books as Folklore in Borneo (1899); Life in the Luchu Ltlands (1899) ; and Home Life of the Borneo Head - Hunters, Its Festivals, and Folk • Lore (1902). In recognition of this and similar work, he was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and a member of other scientific associa- tions.

FURNI ISLANDS, foor'n* (Lat Corassi(e or Corscw) . A group of small islands in the Grecian Archipelago, in about latitude 37° 35' N., and longitude 26° 30' E., between Xikaria and Samos; the largest of them is Fumi.

FURNISS, Harry (1854-). An English caricature artist. He was born at Wexford, Ire- land, in 1854, of English parents. He began to figure as an illustrator at a very early age. At the age of 19 he went to London, contributed for many years to the Illustrated London News, and in 1880 begiui to draw for Punch. Four years later he joined the Punch staff, and his "Par- liamentary Views" in that journal l>ecanie es- pecially popular. He withdrew from Punch in 1804, started the New Budget in 1805. and visited the United States in 1806-07. He is thoroughly English in sentiment, and depicts middle class English life with a fine sense of humor.

FURNITURE. Properly, that which fur- nisher, of whatever nature it may l)e; and in this sense we s|>eak of horse furniture, table furniture, church furniture; and until ver>' modern times