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FULMAR. has a peculiar and nauseous odor. Fulmars feed on all animal substances which come in their way, giving an evident preference to fat and delighting in the blubber of whales. Another important species is the giant fulmar (Ossi- fraga gigantea), notable for its size, which equals that of a small albatross. It is found in the Pacific OceaUj and is known to sailors as 'bone- breaker,' because of the observed crushing power of its great hooked beak. The slender-billed fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) is a very wide- ly ranging form which occurs on the Alaskan coast of Bering Sea, It is of the same size as the common fulmar, but the bill is much longer and more slender. Several of the fulmars are re- markable for their dichromatism. See Plate of Fishing Birds.

FULMINATE OF MERCURY (from Lat. fulminare, to lighten, from fulmen, lightning, from fulgere, to flash), or Fulminating Mer- cury, CaHgNaOa. ^HoO. A highly explosive crys- talline organic compound, sparingly soluble in cold water, freely soluble in hot water. It is obtained by dissolving mercury in an excess of nitric acid, and gradually adding the solution to alcohol. The operation is attended with consid- erable danger and should not be conducted in the neighborhood of flames, as the vapors evolved during the reaction are very inflammable. On cooling, fulminating mercury separates out in crystalline form. When moist, it may be handled without much danger; but when dry, it explodes with violence if struck by a hard body or if heated. Mixtures of fulminating mercury with nitre or with chlorate of potash are employed as the primary of percussion caps.

FULMINATE OF SILVER, or Fulminat- ing Silver, CaAgsNjOj. A chemical compound, prepared by heating an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with nitric acid and alcohol. It is more powerfully explosive than the fulminate of mer- cury; for even if it is moist or under water, pressure with a hard body will cause its explo- sion; and Mhen it is quite dry, the slightest friction between two hard bodies produces a similar result. See Chemistry (History).

FULMINATES. A term applied to a class of salts having the same percentage composition as the cyanates, but, unlike them, exploding vio- lently when heated or struck. There are many fulminates, corresponding to the different metals. The preparation of the fulminates is attended with very considerable danger and should not be attempted by inexperienced persons. The structural formulas at present usually assigned to the acid Cfulminic acid,' CoHjNoOa) combined in the fulminates are:

C = NOH

C = NOH /c\

or HO— N\ /N— OH C /\ This acid has not yot been isolated in the uncom- bined state. FULMIN'IC AC3ID. See Fulminates. FUL'TON. A city in Whiteside County, 111., 36 miles northeast of Ivock Island, on the Missis- sippi River, and on the Cltieago and Northwest- ern, the Chicago, Milwaukco and Saint Paul, and the Chicago, Burlington iuid Northern railroads (Map : Illinois, B 2). It is the seat of the North-

ern Illinois College, opened in 1865. There are manufactures of lumber, clay pipe, stoves, metal roofing and siding, etc., and an extensive trade in grain, lumber, and produce. Population, in 1890, 2099; in 1900, 2685.

FULTON. A city and the county-seat of Cal- laway County, Mo., 120 miles west of Saint Louis, on the Chicago and Alton Railroad (Map: Missouri, E 3). It is the seat of the State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, State Luna- tic Asylum No. 1, Westminster College (Pres- byterian), founded in 1852, Synodical College, and Conservatory of Music for Young Ladies, founded in 1874, and the William Woods College of the Christian Church of Missouri. The city has an extensive supply of coal and fire-clay of excellent quality, and manufactures fire-brick and pottery of various kinds. Settled in 1821, Ful- ton was incorporated in 1859, the charter of that date being still in operation. Its government is administered by an annually elected mayor and a council elected on a general ticket. Town meetings are held monthly to discuss topics of general civic interest. The city owns and oper- ates its water-works and electric-light plant. Population, in 1890, 4314; in 1900, 4883,

FULTON. A city in Oswego County, N. Y., 25 miles northwest of Syracuse, on the Oswego River, the Oswego Canal, and the New York Cen- tral, the Lackawanna, and the New York, On- tario and Western railroads (Map: New York, D 2 ). It has a public library. The city carries on an extensive trade in cheese, and there are manufactures of flour, woolen goods, paper pulp, firearms, tools, pocket cutlery, butchers' supplies, excelsior, water-motors, ensilage and straw cut- ters, paper-mill machinery, condensed milk, canned goods, etc. Population, in 1890, 4214; in 1900. 5281. Fulton was settled about 1791, and was first incorporated in 1835. In April, 1902, the villages of Fulton and Oswego Falls, with an aggregate population of 8206 (census of 1900), were consolidated and chartered as a city, the government of Avhich is administered by a mayor and common council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality.

FULTON. ' The first steam war vessel, de- signed by Robert Fulton, and built in New York in 1815. The Fulton was a vessel of 38 tons, provided with central paddle-wheels. She was accidentally blown up in 1829.

FULTON, Justin Dewey (1828-1901). An American clerg^^man. He was born in Earlville, N. Y. ; graduated at Rochester L^niversity in 1851, studied in the Rochester Theological Semi- nary, and was ordained in 1854 to the Baptist ministry in Saint Louis, Mhere he was editor of the Gospel Banner. Subsequently he had pas- toral charges in Sandusky. Ohio; Albany; Bos- ton; Brooklyn, N. Y. ; and Montreal, Canada. Among his works are: Roman Catholic Elements in Ameriean History (1850); Woman as God Made Her ( 1867) : 7?owe' in Aincrica (1884); Radiealism ; and The f^ahbath.

FULTON, Robert (1765-1815). A celebrated American engineer, born at Little Britain. Pa., of Irish parents, who were in such poor circum- stances that all the education young Fulton ac- quired was the ability to read and write. He made good use. however, of his opportunities and passed in study the time allowed him for recrea-