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FORT NIAGARA. sixteen days, was captured by a British and Indian force under Sir William Johnson. In July, 1764, important treaties were made here by Sir William Johnson with various Indian tribes who had participated in Pontiac's War. During the Revolutionary War the fort was the starting-point of many expeditions sent to ravage the Western frontier, was the headquarters for a time of John Butler and Joseph Brant, and was the place where the Wyoming and Cherry Valley expeditions were organized. Finally, in xiugust, 1796, it was evacuated by the British, in accordance with the Treaty of 1783, and was immediately occupied by an American garrison. It was bombarded from Fort George (q.v.), on October 13-14, 1812; was captured by the British on December 19, 1813; and was again surrendered to the United States on March 27, 1815. In May, 1826, various circumstances having com- bined to make the fort relatively unimportant from a military point of view, the United States garrison was wholly withdrawn. Consult: Por- ter, A Briefs History of Old Fort "Niagara (Niag- ara Falls, 1896) ; Marshall, The Niagara Front- ier (Buffalo, 1865) ; and Severance, Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier (Buffalo, 1889).

FORT NINETY-SIX (S. C). See Ninety- Six.

FORTOUL, for'tooK, Hippolyte Nicholas HoNOKE ( 1811-56). A French author and states- man, best known for his educational policy under the Second Empire. He was born at Digne, and in 1845 became a professor of literature at Tou- louse, and afterwards at Aix. In 1849 he was elected Deputy from the Department of Basses Alpes, and joined the party of Louis Bonaparte. After a few months in the Ministry of Marine, he became, on the coup d'etat. Minister of Pub- lic Instruction, and did his best to serve the new regime, especially in carrying out the law of 1850, in its narrow opposition to the univer- sity. He stopped the courses of Jules Simon at the Sorbonne, and retired Quinet, Mickiewicz, and Michelet from the College de France; sup- pressed the chair of philosophy anH replaced it by a chair in logic; and introduced the quasi- elective system of bifurcation, or division of science from letters. This last plan, and the introduction in general of practical features — farming in the primary schools and drawing in the lyc^es, for example — were the only points in which Fortoul showed himself an educator, and not a mere politician.

FORT PAYNE. A city and the county-seat of De Kalb County, Ala., 92 miles northeast of Birmingham ; on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad (Map: Alabama, D 1). It has coal and iron mining interests, and among its indus- trial establishments are iron-works, lumber-mills, fire-clnv works, etc. Population, in 1890, 2698; in 1900, 1037.

FORT PICK'ENS. A fort on Santa Rosa Isl- and, Fla., commanding the entrance to Pensa- cola Harbor, and intended as a defense to the harbor and the United States Navy Yard at Warrington. Early in 1861, at the outbronk of the Civil War, it was under the command of Lieut. Adam J. Slemmer (q.v.). who transferred hither tlie small garrison of Fort Bnrancas, di- rectly opposite, and with a force numbering only 81, withstoqd for some time a siege by a large force of Confederates under Gapt. Braxton Bragg

( q.v. ). Federal reinforcements, under Col. Har- vey Brown, arrived in the middle of April to relieve Slemmer and his garrison, and the fort was held by the Federals throughout the war.

FORT PILIiOW. A fort in Tennessee, on the east shore of the Mississippi River, about 40 miles north of Memphis, the scene of the so-called 'Massacre of Fort Pillow' during the Civil War. It was constructed by the Confederates, under the direction of General Pillow, in the spring of 1862; but was abandoned and dismantled by them on May 25th of the same year, and on June 5th was occupied by a small Federal force. Sub- sequently it was a starting-point for a number of Federal raids, but was regarded as of relatively little strategic importance, and was never strong- ly garrisoned. On April 12, 1864, it was attacked by a strong Confederate force under Gen, Nathan B. Forrest ( q.v. ). After offering a stubborn re- sistance, prolonged even when capture had be- come inevitable, the garrison was overpowered and almost annihilated. The Confederates were accused of having deliberately massacred the Fed- erals, fully half of whom were negroes, after the latter had surrendered, and <;olor was given to the charge by Forrest's summons to surrender, which closed with the words: "Should my de- mand be refused, I cannot be responsible for your command." The testimony, moreover, of the survivors almost unanimously confirmed the charge. On the other hand, Forrest and his officers always asserted that the resistance of the garrison was insanely and recklessly prolonged; that the garrison never surrendered; that the Confederates ceased firing as soon as one of their own officers had cut down the United States flag; and that no prisoners, white or colored, were killed or maltreated. The Confederate loss was 20 killed and 60 wounded. Consult: Johnson and Buel (editors). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. iv. (New York, 1887) ; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, vol. vi. (New York, 1890) ; Wyeth, Life of General For- rest (New York, 1899) ; and Mathes, General Forrest (New York, 1902), in the "Great Com- manders Series."

FORT POR'TER. A United States military post, established in 1867, on a reservation of 28 acres, on the Niagara River, within the limits of the city of Buffalo, which is the post-office and telegraph station. Originally, in 1844, there was a defensive work at Black Rock, The fort has quarters for 15 officers and 225 men.

FORT PREBLE, pr6b"l, A United States military post, established in 1808, and occupying a reservation of 24 acres at Spring Point, on the east side of Portland Harbor, Maine, two mjles from the city of Portland, which is the post-office and telegraph station. Its garrison in 1902 was two companies of coast artillery,

FORT PULAS'KI. A fort erected on Cock- spur Island, Ga., for the defense of the Savannah River. It was occupied by the Confederates at the beginning of the Civil War, and on April 11, 1862. after a virgorous bombardment, was cap- tured by the Federals, its garrison then number- ing 350* men, under Col. Charles H. Olmstead.

FORTRESS. See Fortification.

FORTRESS ARTILLERY. See Coast Ar- tillery; and Ordnance.

FORTRESS MONROE. . See Fort Monroe. Vol. VII.-41.