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FORTIFICATIONS. are silenced, and the nearer means of defense are destroyed. Meanwhile the infantry moves gradu- ally forward, and finally takes the position by storm. On both sides the work is carried on with energy, to prevent the enemy from having any rest in his work.

The cavalry first incloses the fortification and remains in observation; the infantry then occu- pies its position deliberately, directing its forces against at least two of the fronts of the fortifi- cation, in order to deceive the enemy, preparing against surprise by means of very strong out- posts, especially on the front, selected for actual attack, and the latter must generally intrench themselves. As soon as the guns of the enemy are silenced, the works of the enemy are destroyed by the heavy artillery. The infantry can only advance under cover, consequently the outposts are first advanced, and then their previous posi- tion is improved during the night to serve as an infantry position, not by running continuous lines ( parallels ), but by constructing groups of for- tifications previously laid out by the engineer officers. Where the infantry cannot be brought forward under natural cover, zigzag approaches must be run. If the infantry position is too far to the rear for the final assault, another, and often a third, must be prepared farther to the front. If the heavy artillery fails to destroy the enemy's works flanking the ditch, the attacker will be forced to begin the tedious engineer attack by the sap. Otherwise the assault is ordered, and is preferably begun in the early morning, and the attack is directed on a broad front. Sev- eral false attacks are made at the same time, to deceive the enemy if possible.

The same principles apply in the defense, activ- ity and the offensive being predominant. In the early stages the infantry must go out in the open to attack, but in the later the defense becomes purely passive. See Siege and Siege Wobks.

FOR'TINBRAS. The Prince of Norway, in Shakespeare's Hamlet. He covets the lands lost by his father to Denmark, and finally makes an invasion into the latter kingdom. He arrives on the scene in the last act, in time to see Ham- let's death and claim the realm. The part is usually omitted from acting versions.

FORT IN'DEPEN^DENCE. A fortification on Castle Island, Boston Harbor, Mass., built on the site of the former Castle William.

FORTIS, fSr'tes, Abbe Giovanni Battista (1741-1803). An Italian traveler and naturalist, born in Padua. He became an Augustinian monk, but was unfitted for a monastic life, and spent his time in travel, studying the natural history of the regions he journeyed through, and recounting his adventures and investigations in writing. His publications include: Saggio d'osservazioni sopra I'isola di Cherso ed Osero (1771); Viaggio in Delmazia (1774), his best- known work, containing an interesting collection of the folk-songs of the Serbs and Croats; Delia valle vulcanico-marina di Roma (1778); Versi d'amore e d^amicizia (1783); M ^moires pour servir d I'histoire naturelle et principale- ment a VorydtograpMe de I'ltalie, etc. (1802).

FORT JACK'SON. A fort on the right bank of the Mississippi, 78 miles below New Orleans, famous for its resistance to Farragut's fleet and its final capture by the Federals in 1862. It was built in 1824-32, and was enlarged and re-

paired in 1841. Together with Fort Saint Philip, on the opposite bank, a half-mile above, it de- fends New Orleans from maritime attack. After the passage of the South Carolina ordinance of secession, on December 20, 1860, the State au- thorities of Louisiana seized these forts, strongly fortified them, and stationed a fleet above. In the spring of 1862, a Federal expedition was or- ganized against New Orleans, and the Confed- erates, soon hearing of it, greatly strengthened the two forts. The expedition, under the com- mand of Captain Farragut, arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi in March, and on April 18th the powerful mortar flotilla under Commander D. D, Porter opened fire with terrible effect upon the forts. At 2 a.m. on the 24th Farra- gut's fleet started in single line up the river, and, in the face of a tremendous fire from the two forts and from a Confederate fleet, succeeded in passing first Fort Jackson and then Fort Saint Philip. Soon afterwards the city was occupied by Federal troops, and on the 28th both Fort Jackson and Fort Saint Philip capitulated to Commander Porter, who had remained below. The two forts were under the commaAd of Brig.-Gen. J. K. Duncan, and were garrisoned by about 700 men each. Fort Jackson was under the immediate command of Lieut.-Col. Edward Higgins. The loss of the Federals was 37 killed and 147 wounded, while that of the Confederates is not definitely known. Consult: Johnson and Buel (editors), The Bat- tles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. ii. (New York, 1887) ; Mahan, Admiral Farragut (New York, 1892) ; and Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, vol. v. (New York, 1890).

FORT KEOGH, ke'6. A United States mili- tary post in Montana, established in 1876, and comprising a reservation of 57,600 acres. There are a post-office and railroad and telegraph sta- tion at the post, which is situated on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 746 miles from Saint Paul, Minn. It was named for Capt. Myles Keogh, Seventh United States Cavalry, one of the victims of the Custer massacre. There are quarters for 27 officers and 390 men, and stables for 200 horses.

FORT LAFAYETTE, la'fa-et'. A fort on the Long Island shore of the Narrows, New York Harbor, in front of Fort Hamilton.

FORT LEAVENWORTH. A United States military post in Kansas, established in 1827 by Colonel Leavenworth, U. S. A. The reserve com- prises 6899 acres, all but 939 acres (timber) being on the west side of the Missouri River. It is about 500 miles above the junction of the Missouri with the Mississippi, on the Kansas City, Wyandotte and Northwestern and Missouri Pacific railroads. There are quarters and bar- racks for 100 officers and 1500 men, with stables for 1000 animals. The station of the general service and staff college (postgraduate), and a garrison comprising a due proportion of cavalry, artillery, infantry, and engineer troops, are lo- cated at the post, w^hich has both post-office and telegraph station.

FORT LEE. A fort formerly situated in Ber- gen County, N. J., on the west bank of the Hudson River, along the lower Palisades. At the old fort here, opposite 160th Street, New York City, General Greene, with 2000 troops, narrowly escaped capture by a force of 5000