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FULBERT. European reputation. In 1007 he was elected Bishop of Chartres. He caused the burned cathe- dral to be rebuilt (1020), and part of the present edifice dates from his episcopate. He was an active participant in the political affairs of the time, and was on intimate terms with King Robert, The correspondence of Fulbert has been published in volume 141 of the Patrologice Cursus Compleius of Migne, and is contained in his Opera Omnia (1853). It is a valuable history of those days, and shows the bishop himself to have been a man of much character and piety.

FUL'CO, or FOULQUES, foolk, of Neuilly. A famous pulpit orator of the twelfth century, the preacher of the Fourth Crusade. His early life was careless, and his ignorance brought him into contempt in his parish of Neuilly, just outside the walls of Paris. A change came over him, however, and he became an austere ascetic. He commenced a series of journeys as a preacher, exhorting to repentance, and by the rigor of his asceticism enforcing his sermons. His eloquence was so great that as he passed through the vil- lages the people prostrated themselves, confessing their sins and protesting their intention of lead- ing new lives and expiating the sins they had committed. He began to preach the Crusade in 1198. In 1201 he asserted that he had induced 200,000 to accept the Cross. He did not live to hear of the result, for he died at Neuilly, March, 1202. Consult Villehardouin, La conquete de Constantinople, edited by Wailly (Paris, 1874).

FULDA, fvFdd. The capital of a circle in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, situated on the river Fulda, 69 miles by rail northeast of Frankfort (Map: Prussia, C 3). The most prominent buildings are the noble cathedral erect- ed at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and containing the remains of Saint Boniface; the Church of Saint Michael, consecrated in 822; the old palace of the prince-bishops; the former Benedictine convent, now occupied by a theologi- cal seminary; and the provincial library with about 70,000 volumes. The Catholic gymnasium of Fulda is believed to be the oldest establishment of its kind in Germany. The manufactures in- clude different kinds of textiles, plush, leather, metal goods, farm machinery, musical instru- ments, vinegar, and many other important prod- ucts. Fulda is an important cattle market. Popu- lation, in 1890, 13,000; in 1900, 10,900. The to>\Ti figures in religious history, being especially iden- tified with the life of Saint Boniface, who founded an abbey here in 744. In the eighteenth century it was the seat of a university. It has belonged to Prussia since 1860.

FULDA, MoNAvSTERY OF. One of the most famous of the Benedictine abbeys in Germany. It was founded in 744 by Boniface, the apostle of Germany, who desired to establish head- quarters for further missionnry efTorts in a safe and central spot. This was discovered on the banks of the Fulda, in the depths of the forest near the present city of (^assel. A grant of the spot, with four miles of surrounding territory, was obtained from Karlmann. son of Charles Martol. Boniface suporintoiKled the clearing of the ground and erection of the building, while his disciple Sturmius. destined to be the first abbot, spent a year in Italy, visiting the monasteries, and studying the mode of life pursued at the celebrated Benedictine convent of Monte Cassino.

The abbey soon became a centre of education and civilization for the surrounding tribes, and for centuries maintained its position as a place of learning, to which, for example, Alcuin looked for help in his great educational schemes. Many privileges were given to it; in 968 the abbot was made primate of the abbeys of Germany. He was later made a prince of the Empire, with the right of sitting on the Emperor's left while the Elector of Mainz took the right. But with the advance in influence and wealth there was an increasing corruption in many of the monasteries, and from this Fulda did not escape. At the be- ginning of the eleventh century a reform was at- tempted by substituting new monks from Scot- land for the old, and reestablishing in all its strictness the Benedictine rule. The Reformation of the sixteenth century brought discord into the community; but Balthasar von Dermbach (abbot 1570-1606) etTected the suppression of the new doctrines. Abbot Schenk von Schweinsberg (1623-32) completed the work of reformation, supported by Pope Urban VIII. In 1626 he brought seventeen monks from Saint Gall to set a good example. The troubles of the Thirty Years' War and dissensions between the noble and middle-class monks threatened the peace of the abbey; but with the election of Joachim von Gravenegg, in 1654, it entered upon a new period of prosperity. Benedict XIV., in 1752, created the Abbot Prince Bishop of Fulda. The diocese was secularized in 1802, to be restored, with somewhat diff'erent boundaries, in 1829. The buildings of the old monastery were occupied by a clerical seminary, which was one of the first points of attack in the Culturkampf of 1874. Consult: Arnd, Geschichte des Hochstifts Fulda (Frankfort, 1802) ; Hartmann, Zeit geschichte von Fulda (Fulda, 1895).

FULDA, LuDWiG (1862—). A German dra- matic author, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He studied at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Leipzig, and in 1882 obtained a prize in competition by his one-act verse comedy. Die Aufrichtigen (1883). After the appearance of a series of comedies, in- cluding Ein Meteor (1887) and Die xcilde Jagd (1888), he assumed the manner of the so-called Berlin School of Realism. In 1893 he won the Schiller prize with his Dcr Talisman (1892), but the Emperor refused to approve the award. Sub- sequent works are Jugeudfreunde (1897) and Die Zwillingsschicester (1901), an English ver- sion of which by Louis N. Parker was presente<l in America. Fulda's verses are distinguished by their epigrammatic wit and his plays are skill- fully contrived. He translated Rostand's Lea Romanesques and Cgrano de Bergcrac.

FULGENTIUS, ffll-j6n'shl-fls, Fabius Plan- CIAPES (C.480-C.550). An African grammarian, of whose life and |)ersonality nothing is known save from internal evidence. His style is typi- cally African. Besides a Liber de Ficticius Poe- tariim and Liber Phgsiologus, both now lost, he wrote : Mythologicon lAbri III., with etymological explanations after the manner of Martianus Ca- pella; Expositio ycrgilian(F Contiuentice, which interprets the .Eneid allegorically ; a historj', De .Etatibus itundi; and the very untrustworthy Expositio Sermonum Antiquorum, which contains many fictitious quotations. Helm edited FMZ<;enftt Opera (1898). His relative Fulgentius (468-