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I. SIGNS √ ‘root’.

&#58; ‘(is) cognate with’, used to connect forms having a common element, but usually varying in formation or vowel-grade. The common use of the sign as roughly equiv&shy;alent to ‘viz.’ does not clash with the above, and has been retained.

= is used for three purposes; (1) between forms which according to the laws of their respec&shy;tive languages imply the same ground-form; it replaces the usual colon only where it is desired to point out identity of formation as well as of root, etc.;—(2) between refer&shy;ences to, or various readings of, the same passage in two different ;—(3) between two desig&shy;nations of the same, book or person; or two charac&shy;ters of the same value, etc.

≡ ‘(is) pronounced’; it generally introduces a phonetic transcription, see Note p. 29; but in some cases the phonetic spelling occurs in contem&shy;porary texts, and a reference is given.


 * denotes syllabic division, see p. 31; division of feet on p. 18.

/ (1) between words quoted denotes that they rhyme, or correspond in cyng&shy;hanedd, i.e. have the same conso&shy;nantism or accen&shy;tuation or both;—(2) between letters denotes that they alternate, see e.g. § 101 iii;—(3) in refer&shy;ences, see VI.

&#42; prefixed to a form denotes that it is not attested, but only inferred from a compar&shy;ison of cognates, or from the known action of sound-laws. It also marks hypo&shy;thetical forms (and meanings) generally.

A dot under a vowel denotes that it is sounded close.

A comma under a vowel denotes that it is sounded open.

˛ under a vowel denotes that it is nasalized; thus Fr. bon ≡ bǫ.

Marks and symbols explained in the body of the work: accent marks § 39; i̯, u̯ § 100; w̯ § 17 xi ¶; w͡y § 38 i; l̥, m̥, n̥, r̥ § 57; ₑn, etc. § 61 i (2), § 62 i (2), § 63; ə § 57; k̑, g̑, q, ɡ, qᵘ̯ ɡᵘ̯ § 84; ŋ, ŋ̑, § 17 vi; g̃ § 19 iv; ẏ §16 ii (3), § 25 iii; ɏ § 16 v (2); ɥ, ỿ; § 16 i; r͑ § 22 iv; ᵹ § 17 iv; δ § 19 iii; χ, χ̑ § 17 iii; ỽ § 14 ii (2); F, F°, L, L°, V, R, R², R₁ etc. § 63.

Meanings are given in single inverted commas; double inverted commas are used to quote the words of the original when the words explained are taken from a trans&shy;lation; also as ordinary quotation marks.