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Rh In 1908 appeared the first part of Pedersen’s Ver&shy;gleichende Grammatik der kelti&shy;schen Sprachen; two of the remaining three parts have since been issued. This important work is mainly compar&shy;ative as its title suggests, and deals with the deri&shy;vation and develop&shy;ment of the gram&shy;matical forms of all the Keltic languages. It records the latest results of Keltic philology, but is in some respects rather markedly indi&shy;vidual.

Strachan’s Introduction to Early Welsh appeared posthumously in 1909. It contains a Medieval Welsh grammar, reader and glossary. The grammar was written by Strachan in a few weeks in 1907, and one cannot but wonder with his editor at “the amazing rapidity with which he toiled”. The work embodies forms from texts inac&shy;cessible to Zeuss, and is naturally the product of a more advanced knowledge. Its value is somewhat lessened by the fact that a large number of forms and phrases are quoted without refer&shy;ences.

Of the scope of the present work I have already spoken. It embraces roughly that of the grammars of Davies, Strachan, and Pedersen (so far as this relates to Welsh). The sections dealing with the deri&shy;vation of Welsh sounds were planned and partly written before the appear&shy;ance of Pedersen’s work; but I had the advantage of consult&shy;ing the latter in filling in the detail. I have however examined each rule for myself; many new examples are adduced, and the conclu&shy;sion arrived at differs in some cases from Pedersen’s. In §§ 75, 76 I have attempted a solution of the extra&shy;ordinarily difficult problems presented by the develop&shy;ment of original diph&shy;thongs in Welsh. I hope the result is in the main sound, though some of the details are tentative. In § 63 I have endeav&shy;oured to compress into a few pages an account of the Aryan vowel system, a knowledge of which is essential to an under&shy;standing of the vocalism of the derived languages. The section follows the lines of Hirt’s sugges&shy;tive work ''Der idg. Ablaut''; the notation (R, F, etc.) is an adap&shy;tation