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vi and the infin&shy;itives volere, vīere, vulere, velere, vellere, with perhaps a note stating that these infin&shy;itives are “seldom used” (see his Gr.² 66, 68), or alterna&shy;tively a footnote to the effect that velle “is as often used” (do. 67). Examples are quoted of such forms as are genuine; and the impres&shy;sion is conveyed by the suggestio falsi of “seldom”, “as often”, and the like, that the others also occur. To the author truth meant con&shy;formity with his theory; facts, perverse enough to disagree, were glossed over to save their character.

In 1853 appeared the first edition of Rowland’s work, which was regarded for more than a gene&shy;ration as the standard grammar of Modern Welsh. It is for the most part a descrip&shy;tion of the written Welsh of the 19th century; but the paradigms contain many of Pughe’s spurious forms. The author had prac&shy;tically no knowledge of any Welsh older than that of the Bible transla&shy;tion; he records recent usages, but is unable to throw any light on them, or to decide between genuine and counter&shy;feit forms. The use which he makes of Dr. Davies often shows that he was incapable of under&shy;standing him; e.g. in profess&shy;ing to give Davies's table of diph&shy;thongs, after including iw wy among the falling diph&shy;thongs he imagines that he has done with those combi&shy;nations, and omits them from the rising class, without perceiv&shy;ing that the very object of the classifi&shy;cation is to distin&shy;guish between falling iw̯ w͡y and rising i̯w w̯y. But his book contains a quantity of sound, if ill-digested, infor&shy;mation about Late Welsh; and marks the return to common sense after the domi&shy;nation of Pughe.

The foundations of modern Keltic philology were laid by I. C. Zeuss in his great Gram&shy;matica Celtica, which was published in 1853. The sections devoted to Welsh grammar contain a wonder&shy;fully complete and accurate analysis of the language of the Red Book Mabi&shy;nogion (ed. Lady Charlotte Guest, 1849), the Black Book of Chirk (in, 1841), and the Welsh passages in Liber Landa&shy;vensis (ed. Rees, 1840).