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 (b) Predicatively at the head of a sentence, 162 vii (2) : odid y ' [it is] a rarity that, [it is] improbable that ', odid na ' [it is] improbable that. . . not ', i. e. it is probable that ; hawdd y ' [it is] with ease that ' ; da y ' [it is] well that ' ; print y ' [it is] scarcely [the case] that ', braidd y ' [it is] hardly [the case] that', as breib y diengi* R,B.B. 319 'he hardly escaped ', braidd na ' [it is] hardly that. . . not ' i. e. ' [it is (was)] almost [the case] that', as braidd na bunt bridd yn y bedd D.G. 296 ' I was almost dost in the grave '.

braidd may represent the instr. *bradu of an adj. cognate with Gk. /JpaSus ' tardy ', Lat. gurdus. Except in the above construction it generally has a governing prep, in Ml. "W., vii (i), but later it is used as an adv. in any position. It is not used as an adj.

An adj. preceding a vh. directly (without y), as mad Sevthoste B.B. 87 'well hast them come', forms a loose compound with it, 207 ii, and takes pre- verbal ny (not nyt\ as ny mad aeth B.B. 70, ny phell gwy8 B.A. 26 ' falls not far '.

iv. The following adverbs are formed of nouns in obi. cases with a demonstrative or similar adj., see i (2) (a),

(1) he^ddiw, Late Mn. W. Jieddyw 37 iii ; heno 78 i (i) ; e-16ni ' this year ' for *Ae-fleni, Bret, hevlene.

he&iw for *heSyw 77 v < *se-diues Skr. sa-divah ' at once ' beside sa-dydh ' on the same day ' prob. loc. sg. of an s- stem, and so not formed directly from *diieus ' day ', but an old formation going back to Pr. Ar. The others are prob. formed in Brit, on its analogy : he-no < *se-nokti loc. of *nokts; e-leni for *he-lyni (owing to prefer- ence for e..i sequence, cf. 65 iii (2)) < ? *blidnii loc. of *bleidonl which gives blwyddyn ' year '.

(2) beunydd ' every day ', beunoeth ' every night '.

The noun in these was ace. But Brit. *pdpon diien ( < *q*aq*om diiem) should give W. *pawb ny8 ; it seems to have been made into an improper compound early, and the aw treated like ordinary pen- ultimate aw (which normally comes from *ou) and affected to eu 76 iv (3), giving *peubnyS >peuny& ; then by analogy peunoeth (and S. W. dial, o beutu for lit. o boptu); Bret, bemdeiz, Treg. baonde.

(3) yn awr 'now' 114 iv ; yr awron, weithion, etc., 164 iii ; ymdnnos ' the other night' R.P. 1264, D.G. 82, 158, 200.

ymannos is probably to be placed here although the exact form of its Brit, original is doubtful. It stands for *ymannoeth which may represent loc. *esmi anda nokti lit. ' this here night ', see ii (i i).