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§ 219 oblique mi instead of the nom. i. Undoubtedly later the pronoun was identified with the subject, though ef largely retained its character of a particle.

(1) The rel. a is used in Early Ml. W. to support an infixed pron. before a verb ; thus

A.'th kivarchaw B.B. 98 = A?th gyfvarchaf R.P. 578 ' I greet thee '. A'/A vendiguis-te Awraham B.B. 35 'Abraham blessed thee.' Ac 8,'wch bi wynnyeith B.T. 12 'And there will be vengeance upon you'. A!s attebwys DofyS do. 24 ' The Lord answered him'. A's kynnull gwenyn do. 40 ' Bees gather it '.

It is used not only in affirmative sentences, but also before the subjunctive to express a wish ; as

A!m bo forth B.B. 34 ' May there be a way for me '. A'n eirolve ne ( = eirolwy ny) Mihangel do. 32 ' May Michael intercede for us '.

This form prob. arose where the subject was expressed, as in A's attebwys Dofydd, the a anticipating Dofydd ; and is perhaps a survival for a particular purpose of the habit of putting the rel. clause first, which prevails in Skr. (Whitney 512 a), and may have been primitive.

(1) Ml. W. ry, the perfective particle, with the past makes it perf. in sense, ws, pawl} ry gavas y gyvarws W.M. 470 ' everybody has had his gift ' ; with the pres. subj., makes it perf. subj., as kanys ry gaffo o arall do. 453 ' though he may not have had him from another ' ; with the impf. subj., makes it plup., as kyn nys ry welhei eiroet do. 454 ' though he had never seen her ' ; with the plup., causes no modification of meaning, y ryn ( = yr hyn] ry abawsei do. 453 ' that which he had promised '. See Strachan, Intr. 57-60. It is sometimes reduced to r after neu i (i) ; ny, as nyr bar/o W.M. 230 ;, as ar boetfioeb do. 123. In Early Mn. verse ry is a rare survival : Annoethwas a'i rhy- wnaetlioedd D.G. 509 ' A booby had made it '.

It is prefixed to a verbal noun giving it a perfect sense ; and is mostly found redundantly after gwedy, as yb oeb kawat o eira gwedy ry-odi. . . a gwalck wyllt gwedy ry-lab hwyat W.M. 140 ' a shower of snow had fallen, and a wild hawk had killed a duck'; this is reduced to (g)wedyr S.G. 53, which survives in Early Mn. W. verse, as gwedy r* odi D.G. 27 quoted from the above ; wedy r* euraw L.G.C. 363 ' having been ennobled '.

It is seen from the first example above that the rel. a was not used with ry, which may contain the rel. without alteration of form. But