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 me. . .' Na wir, y8 ym wyrda R.M. 105, "W.M. 458 'No, indeed, we are goodmen '. Yt oet ( = y8 oe8) in y diffrid, . . Ysprid Glan B.B. 45 ' The Holy Ghost was protecting her/ Mn. W. : Ac y dyweit Iwl Kesar Y.L.H. [8] ' And Julius Caesar says ' ; yr wyf, yr wyt, yr oedd, yr ydym, yr ydoedd, etc.

(2) These particles are adverbial forms similar to the forms of the oblique relative 162 vi (2); but the base of these was probably the pron. stem *i- or *e-. If the suffixes survived in Kelt., there is no reason to suppose that they were added to only one base.

iii. (i) Early Ml. W. ef. This is found not only (a) before the 3rd sg., but also (b) before the impersonal, and (c) before the ist sg. The initial following is usually rad., sometimes soft (ef labhei B.A. 37, ef ' enir below) ; d- is ambiguous.

(a) Ac ew dybit ( = ag ef dybyS) B.B. 6 1 ' and it will come '. Ef diodes gormes, ef dodes fin B.A. 10 'He repelled invasion, he set a boundary'. Ef dyfu dreic llu P.M. R.P. 1419 'The dragon of the host came'. (6) Ef molir pawkwrth y weith R.P. 1056 ' Everybody is praised according to his work'. Ef gwenit B.A. 22 'There was an attack '. (c) Ew kuynhiw iny wuiw ( = Ef cwynif yni{ fwyf) B.B. 100 ' I shall complain while I am '. Ef gwneifbeirS byt yn llawen B.T. 63 ' I will make the bards of the world merry '.

It might be preceded by the negative nyt or another preverb :

(a) Nyt ef eiste8ei en tal lleithic B.A. 10 ' He would not sit at the end of a bench '. (6) Nid ew rotir new i'r neb nuy keis B.B. 86 ' Heaven will not be given to him who does not seek it '. Nyt ef enir pawb yn 8oeth B.P. 1056 'Everybody is not born wise '. (c) Nyt ef caraf amryssonyat B.T. 8 ' I love not strife ' ; kyt ef mynasswn do. 65.

It is probably an accident that it is not found before other persons.

(2) The pronouns mi, ti, hi etc. might come before the verb, agreeing in person with the subject. They might be preceded by nyt or another particle.

0. W. Ti dicone(f)s a a di(ar) a mar JTJV. SK. ' Thou madest both land and sea*. Early Ml. W. A mi 8ysgoganaf-e B.B. 48, 49 'And I predict'. Pan esgynnei baub, ti Bisgynmit B.A. 31 'When every- body ascended, thou descendedst '. Nyt mi wyf kerS wit B.T. 31-2 'I am not mute of song'. Neu vi erthycheis do. 62 'I groaned'. Pel mi ganwn B.A. 26 ' If I sang '.

(3) In Ml. W. the rel. a was inserted after ef&nd. mi etc. in the above constructions ; examples occur as early as the last

diconeis for what would be later iJigoneist ; -e- for -ei- occurs several times in the fragment.