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 A minJieu vi a'r morynyon a wiscaf ymdanaf inheu W.M. 99 'and I with the maids will dress myself, kysgeist di ti a Lawndot s.o. 302 ' thou didst sleep with Lancelot.' bwyt a llynn. . . y'th neithator di ti a'm merch i R.M. 120 'food and drink for thy nuptials with my daughter '. Sef a wnaeth ynteu ef ae lu y noa honno R.B.B. 76 ' this is what he did with his host that night '.

A rhif gwlith o fendithion A fo i ffuto ef a Aon. L.G.C. 463 ; cf. 4, 308. c And blessings numerous as the dew be to Huw with her.'

Yr otdd Esyllt urddaswawr

Draw hi a't mob Rhodri Mawr. L.G.C., M 146/140. ' Esyllt the noble was there with her son Rhodri Mawr.'

T nef i hwn efo a At. T.A., A 14975/107. ' Heaven [be] to him with her.'

efo a(g) was contracted to efu(g], as the metre requires in the last example; see efo honn, efo hi S.V. c.c. 361. In Gwynedd efo(g) came to be used for ' with ' irrespective of the person of the ante- cedent ; this is noted by Simwnt Vychan as a grammatical fault, P.IL. xcvi. His example is Mi efo Sion ' I with Sion ', literally ' I, he- with Si6n ', which should obviously be Mi vi a Sion ' I, I-with Si6n ', and may have been so written by the author of the line, as it yields equally good cynghanedd. [Ab Ithel, knowing efo only as a dial, word mean- ing ' with ', entirely misses the point in his translation, and italicizes Mi and Sion, as if ' / with John ' could be ungrammatical in any language !]

tu. . . i forms a numerous class of prepositional expressions, as tu yma i 'this side of, tu draw i 'beyond', tu Jiwnt i id., tu cefn i ' behind ', tu uchaf i ' above ', etc.

tu ' side ', Corn., Bret, tu, Ir. toib, Gael, taobh < Kelt. *toibo- ; origin uncertain ; Macbain 2 359 gives Vsteibh/p- 'stiff, erect', which seems far-fetched from the point of view of meaning.

ADVERBS

217. Negative Particles. i. The forms of negative particles are as follows :

(i) Before verbs : in a direct sentence, Ml. W. ny, nyt, Mn. W. ni, nid ; in an indirect sentence, Ml. W. na, nat, Mn. W. na, nad ; in a relative sentence usually the first form, sometimes the second, see 162 v (i) ; in commands, na. nac