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394 chwUiath D.G. 319 (beside chwilota) annos ' to incite ' (beside annog)\ gwastrod-edd Gr.O. 178, 300 from gwaxtraiod 'groom', suff. 143 iii (13).

i. Many verbal nouns have no verbs, but are used exactly like other v.n.'s in construction. Most of them have been named : cardota, biota, etc. 201 iii (4) (a), cyfeddack, etc. 203 i (3), germain, etc. 203 ii (3) ; godro ' to milk'; ym-ladd 1 to tire one's self ' <*mbi-l9d-, Vied- : Gk. XrjSeiv ' to be tired', Lat. lassiis 156 i (2) ; but$m-la6 ' to fight', V qotid- 101 ii (3), is conjugated throughout ; 41 i.

The most important v.n.'s without verbs are byw ' to live ' and marw ' to die '. They are also abstract nouns, and adjectives.

They are v.n.'s after wedi, or yn with the radical, in periphrastic conjugation or forming participle equivalents :


 * Os marw bun, oes mwy o'r byd ?
 * Mae'r haf wedy marw hefyd. T.A., c. ii 79.

' If the maiden is dead does the world any longer exist 1 Summer is dead too.'


 * I fardd ydwyf, ar ddidol,
 * Yn brudd yn byw ar i 61. T.A., A 24980/166.

' His bard am I, in seclusion, living sadly after him.'

Also when qualified by an adverbial expression consisting of yn and an adj., as byivn gymwys W.IL. F. 32 ' to live justly '.


 * Gwell bedd a gorwedd gwirion
 * Na byw'n bir yn y been hon. D.G. 108.

' Better the grave and innocent rest than to live long in this pain.'

They are abstract nouns when qualified directly by adjectives, as marw mawr ' great mortality ', byw da ' good living ', or when they follow yii, with the nasal mutation :


 * A m ych dwyn ym my w 'ch dynion
 * Yr oerai'r sir, eryr Sion. T.A., G. 229.

' Because you were taken in the lifetime of your men the shire became cold, eagle[-son] of Sion.'