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 keissaw do. 487, Mn. W. ceisio, 35 ii (i). Some -stems have other endings, see 203 iii (a), vi (i), (a), vii (i).

A few i-stems have suffixless v.n.'s ; thus kynnigyaf has Icynnic W.M. 30 'to offer'; disirywyaf has distryw E.B.B. 159, distriw do. 89, now distrywio. In Late Mn. W. meddwl, son have superseded meddylio, sonio as v.n.'s. In daliaf the. -i- represents original -g-, and daly, ddla, late dal represent an original suffixless *dal%, see 1 10 ii (2). Similarly hely, hela, hel, vh. Jieliaf, heliodd Gen. xxvii 33 ' hunted ' ; but N.W. has beside hel ' to gather ', hel-a ' to hunt ' where -a may be the stem suff. -ha of a lost vb. *helhaaf, seen in O.W. in helcha gl. in venando, helghati ' hunt thou '. The -i- of bwriaf is from -g- which appears as w in the v.n. bwrw, see ib.

As ai is ei in the penult 81 i, and stems with -ei- take -*- 201 iii (6) it is seen that denominatives from nouns and adjs. with -ai- must have v.n.'s in -io ; thus areithio, disgleirio, diffeithio,gwenhieithio from araith, disglair, dijfaith, gweniaith. (If these had been araeth, disglaer, etc., as now often misspelt, the v.n.'s would be, by iii above, is only one exception ; cyfieiihu (a late word) has -u because the vb. cyfieithiaf became cyfieithaf by dissim. of i's ; the regular cyfieithio also occurs, P 2 1 8/1 79 K.
 * araethu, *disglaeru, etc., which are never spoken or written.) There

(a) stems having i, u, en, wy ; as blino, gwrido, llifo, rHfo ; euro, dymunO) grymM&o ; euro, heulo, ceulo ; bwydo, rhivyfo, arswydo, twyllo.

Ml. W. dinustyr M.M. 32 ' destroys ' has v.n. dinustraw K.P. 1246; in Mn. W. dinustr became dinistr by 77 ix, and the verb is re-formed with -i- suff., v.n. dinistrio Deut. xii 2. (The late dinystrio is a mis- spelling ; the sound in the penult is not y but i. ) dinustr < *de-nou(i)- stro- : niwed 76 iv (4), suff. as in Lat. monstrum.

Some stems ending in -eu have suffixless v.n.'s, as dechreu ' to begin ', madden ' to part with, to forgive ', ameu ' to doubt ', vb. amheuaf. Also in Mn. W. tramwy Job i 7, arlwy D.G. 104.

On account of the early change of wy to wy after a vowel, we have -u for example in tywyllu ; in these cases, therefore, the suffix is no guide to the orig. form, (tyunfll < tywyll 1 1 1 i (2).)

v. -i is added to (i) stems ending in w ; thus berwi, cAwerwi, enwi, sylwi, gwelwi. Some of these have suffixless v.n.'s, as cadw, galw, marw.

Two distinct formations are represented here. i. In verbs which take -i the -w- either forms part of the root, as in berwi, Vbhereu- 63 iv, or belongs to the stem of the noun or adj. of which the verb is a denom., as gwelwi, from gwelw ' pale '. 2. In verbs which do not take -t the w is itself the v.n. suffix, from *-uen (or *-uos), see ii above, and the vb. is a denom. formed from the v.n. ; thus cadw ' to keep ' <*kat-uen, Vqat- 'hide, cover, keep' : O.H.G. huoten'c&re for,