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§ 201 1254 < *u̯o-gn‑íi̯‑, √g̑enē‑, § 196 ii (4); the v.n. is gweini <*u̯o-gnīm- § 203 vii (4), These represent Ar. iteratives and causatives in ‑éi̯e- (: ‑i‑: ‑ī‑).

R-grade of √ + *‑isq- > W. ‑ych‑, as llewych-af (late corruption llewyrchaf) < *lug-isk‑, √leuq/ꬶ‑: Gk. 🇬🇷;—F-grade of √ + *‑sq- > W. ‑ch‑, in Ml. W. pu-ch‑af ‘I wish’ < *qu̯oi‑sq‑, √qu̯oi‑: Lith. kvëczù ‘I invite’, O. Pruss. quoi ‘he will’, Lat. vīs, O. Lat. vois ‘thou wishest’, Lat. invītus, (qu̯ > Lat. v), Gk. 🇬🇷 Hes.—Ar. suff. *‑sqe‑.

Other Ar. stem-forms, mostly deverbatives and denominatives, such as ‑d- or ‑dh- stems, as rhathaf, rhathu § 91 ii; ‑t- stems, as gadaf ‘I leave’ < *g̑hə‑t- ii (2); ‑u̯- stems, as (gw̯r)andawaf ‘I listen’ § 76 iii (1); stems with ‑m‑, as tyfaf ‘I grow’ < *tu‑m‑: Lat. tumeo, √teu̯āˣ- ‘increase’; etc.

(1) Many verbs are denominatives formed from the v.n. as stem. Old examples are gafaelaf ‘I take hold’ from v.n. gafael § 188 iv; gwasanaethaf ‘I serve’ from v.n. gwasanaeth ‘to serve’; as the latter was also an abs. noun meaning ‘service’, a new v.n. gwasanaethu was made from the verb, § 203 i (1); ymddir(i̯)edaf ‘I trust’ from v.n. ymddir(i̯)ed; andawaf from andaw i (8); cadwaf etc. § 202 v. For later examples see (3).

(a) The verb gadaf ‘I leave, let, permit’, v.n. gadu, gadael, gadel has a doublet adawaf ‘I leave, leave behind’, v.n. adaw (in Late Ml. and Mn. W. gadawaf, v.n. gadaw, gado). The two verbs are conjugated regularly throughout; thus—

1. gadaf: 3rd sg. pres. ind. gad, 2nd sg. impv. gad, 2nd pl. do. gedwch, 3rd sg. pres. subj. gato ≡ gatto 1271; na at  1299 > nat do. 1216, Mn. W. nād ‘let not’, na ato > nato ‘forbid’; from these we have nadaf ‘I forbid’, v.n. nadu 187, Card. nadel.

Och arglwyẟ, heb y Gwalchmei, gat ẏ mi vynet … Ae adu a wnaeth Arthur 181 ‘“Alas lord,” said G., “let me go.” And A. let him.’ Ny adei ef hun vyth ar legat dyn  465 ‘he never left sleep on eye of man.’ Ym-âd a  22 ‘forego’ impv.


 * Gwedd ewyn, cyd gweddiwyf,
 * Gadu ar Dduw rannu ’r wyf.—D.G. 17.

‘[Maid of] the colour of foam, though I pray, I leave it to God to dispose.’


 * Ac ato’dd awn bei’m getid.—G.Gl. 83/59.

‘And to him would I go, if I were allowed.’


 * Nad i ferch newidio f’oes.—D.G. 295.

‘Let not a woman change my life’ (? read niweidio ‘mar’).