Page:Morris-Jones Welsh Grammar 0357.png

§ 192 of the tense is formed from adwaen‑ as a stem on the analogy of gwẟost etc., or with pres. endings.

The impf. ind. is a new formation from the same stem, except the 3rd sg., which may be old. The form atwaenat may however be for atweinat 36 which would represent regularly *ati-u̯o-gn‑i̯a-to < *‑g̑n‑i̯ə-tó 3rd sg. opt. mid.

The rest of the verb comes from periphrastic tenses formed with the prefix *ati- only, and a verbal adj. *gnau̯os < *g̑nə-uo‑s (: cf. Lat. gnāvus < *g̑n̥̄-u̯o‑s), with the verb ‘to be’. This implies that ‑nab- is for ‑nawb- (cf. clybot § 194 v (4)); the ‑aw‑ is attested in O.W. amgnaubot ., which must be the same formation with a different prefix. (This ‑au- cannot be from ‑ā‑, which would give ‑o- in the penult.)

i. (1) pieu (Mn. W. pḯ-au) ‘whose is?’ contains the dative of the interrogative stem *q$u̯$i- and ‑eu ‘is’, a weak form of *wy, which elsewhere became yw ‘is’ § 179 ix (3). The forms of the verb that occur in Ml. W. are as follows; most of them are re-formations from pieu, the ‑eu- generally unrounded to ‑ei- before v or ff:

In Mn. W., only the 3rd sg. is used. The forms are—

(1) The verb ‘to be’ in pieu generally means ‘is’ in the sense of ‘belongs’; but sometimes it has a complement, in which case the literal meaning of the compound is seen clearly; thus—