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§ 179 The characteristic of the primary endings is final ‑i. The differ&shy;ence in the sg. between primary thematic and athematic forms may have arisen by phonetic change in the parent language; thus we should expect themat. sg. 2. ‑esi, but (though Skr. has bhár-asi) the Ar. form seems to have been ‑ēis; possibly by metath. and compen&shy;satory lengthen&shy;ing, but this is quite uncertain.

.—(1) The present stem was rarely the simple root. In most cases it was either the redupli&shy;cated root, the root with thematic vowel, the root with stem‑forming suffix, or the root with the infix ‑n- or ‑ne‑.

The present stem with primary endings formed the .; as *dí-dō-mi (Gk. 🇬🇷) ‘I give’, √dō‑; *bhér-o‑nti (Gk. Dor. 🇬🇷) ‘they bear’, √bher‑.

The present stem with secondary endings, and with the augment before it, formed a past, as *é bher-o‑m (Gk. 🇬🇷) ‘I bore’. This augmented past is called, because it is imperfect in meaning in Gk. In Skr. it is merely a past.

The stem of the s‑aorist was formed with ‑s- (athematic); of the future with ‑e- or ‑se- (thematic); of the optative with ‑i̯ē- etc.; these forma&shy;tions are noticed below.

The simple root with or without the thematic vowel formed aorist stems as follows, all the endings being secondary: firstly, R‑grade of √ + them. vowel, as *é liq$u̯$-o‑m (> Gk. 🇬🇷), √leiq$u̯$‑; this may be called the thematic aorist;—secondly, F‑grade of √ (at least in sg.), athematic, as *é bheid‑m̥ (> Skr. ábhedam), √bheid- ‘split’; this is called the.

The  was a separable accented preverb denoting past time. It was lost entirely except in Gk., Armenian and Indo‑Iranian.

The augment is always followed by forms with secondary endings. These forms were also used without the augment; they are then called ; thus Skr. Ved. bhárat ‘bore’, Gk. Hom. 🇬🇷 ‘bore’ < Ar. *bhere‑t beside impf. ábharat, 🇬🇷 < *é bhere‑t. Injunc&shy;tive forms are either past or pres. in meaning; the augment makes them definite&shy;ly past.

.—i. In Ar. the verb was unaccented when it followed a preverb such as a negative particle, or a prepo&shy;sition later compound&shy;ed with it. This was un&shy;doubted&shy;ly the rule in Kelt. (despite devia&shy;tions in Ir.), as it was in Italic. In the pres. ind. in Kelt. in the 3rd sg. the accented verb had the primary ending, that is, the regular present ending, but the un&shy;accented verb had the secondary suffix, that is, the injunc&shy;tive form. Thus the W. proverb Trenghit golut, ny threingk molut § 173 vi (1) repre&shy;sents Kelt. *traŋkī́-ti u̯ò…, né ttraŋkī‑t mò… It has been suggested that this reflects the original use of the Ar. primary and secondary endings; and it