Page:Morris-Jones Welsh Grammar 0322.png

322 It is added to nearly all denominative stems which represent a noun or adj. without a suffix; thus hw̯yẟa Ỻ.A. 148 (: hŵyẟ, chŵyẟ ‘a swelling’), a ge(i)thiwa ib. (: keithiw ‘captive’), argyweẟa do. 166 (: argyweẟ ‘harm’), saetha 1272 ‘shoots’ (: saeth ‘arrow’), amcana 1285 (: amcan ‘design’), gwarchaea ib. (: gwarchae ‘fortifi&shy;cation’), dilyssa ib. dilyssa 1254 (: dilys ‘certain’), llaessa 1254 (: llaes ‘slack’), sura 123 (: sur ‘sour’), a gospa Ỻ.A. 30 (: cosp ‘punish&shy;ment’), gwassan&shy;naetha do. 28 (: gwasa&shy;naeth ‘service’), kyfvɏr&shy;golla do. 35 (: cýfr-goll § 156 i (9)), breinia i 318a (: braint ‘privilege’), yssiga ib. (: ysig ‘crushed’), diwedda do. 3186 (: diwedd ‘end’), cynnydda 319a (: cynnydd ‘increase’), mynycha 319b (: mynych ‘frequent’), lwydda ib. (: llwydd ‘pros&shy;perity’), a gocha 146 (: coch ‘red’), kyflea  1286 (: cyf-le ‘situation’), metha 1253 (: meth ‘failure’).

It is also added to some stems not obviously denominative; thus cerddaf ‘I walk, go’ has 3rd sg. cerẟa in Ml. W., see examples above, and in Mn. W., see Diar. iii 28, vi 3, but a gerẟ 15; so sathra Ỻ.A. 147 ‘tramples’, but sathɏr  144; damuna Ỻ.A. 148 ‘wishes’ (the noun is damunet ‘wish’), traetha  8 ‘relates’ (noun traethawd ‘treatise’ < Lat. tractāt-us).

It is added to stems in ‑i̯- mostly denominatives; as tykẏa 14, Mn. W. tỿ́ci̯a ‘avails’ (: twg ‘success’ < *tu‑k‑, √teu̯ā- ‘increase’) used only in the 3rd pers., § 196 v, llywẏa 1285 ‘governs’, Mn. W. llywi̯a ‘steers’ (: llyw ‘rudder’), hwyli̯a i 318a, Mn. W. hwyli̯a ‘sails, governs’ (: hwyl ‘sail’, cf. Lat. gubernāre ‘steer, govern’), cili̯a do. 319b ‘recedes’ (: cil ‘back’), rhodi̯a Ps. i 1 (: rhawd ‘course’ < *rōt‑, L°-grade of √ret- ‘run’), Mn. W. preswyli̯a ‘resides’ Ml. W. presswyla Ỻ.A. 169 (: presswyl ‘residence’), distrywi̯a (: distryw ‘destruc&shy;tion’). But some i̯-stems do not take it: dali̯af, deil (not dali̯a), ceisiaf ‘I seek’, cais (not ceisi̯a), peidi̯af ‘I cease’, paid (not peidi̯a), meiddiaf, beiddiaf ‘I dare’, maidd, baidd, ‘dares’.

It is added to denom. stems in ‑ych‑; as gwledycha Ỻ.A. 169, i 318a ‘governs’, fflam&shy;mycha do. 318b ‘flames’, except whennych 123, chwen(n)ych Ỻ.A. 73 ‘desires’ (: chwant ‘desire’).

Lastly, it is added redundantly to ‑ha- itself, as mwynhaa i 317b, Mn. W. mwynhā́ ‘enjoys’, kyt-lawenhaa Ỻ.A. 72, Mn. W. llawenhā́ ‘rejoices', dynessaa 148, Mn. W. neshā́ ‘approach&shy;es’, arwy&shy;ẟockaa do. 144, Mn. W. arwyẟocā́ ‘signifies’, Mn. W. glanhā́ ‘cleans’, edifarhā́ ‘repents’, etc., etc.

A few verbs have two forms, one with and one without ‑(h)a; as plycca impv. 97 ‘fold’, plyc 18 ‘bends’ (plygaf ‘I bend’, plyg ‘fold’); tybia D.I.D. . 98, tyb T.A. . 16 ‘imagines’ (tybiaf ‘I imagine’, tyb ‘thought, fancy’); a dwylla Jer. ix 5, a dwyll Ỻ.A. 147 ‘deceives’ (twyllaf ‘I deceive’, twyll ‘deceit’); gweinyẟa 1254 ‘serves’, gweinyẟ do. 1238; barn iv 2, barna Ps. cxxxv 14.

(1) Sg. 3. ‑id, used where there was no preverb, is found in Ml. W., and survived in proverbs, and rarely in verse; like the fut. ‑(h)awd it became ‑(h)id; thus O. W. prinit (without ‑h‑). 22b