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§ 173

Stems ending in ‑i̯- (Ml. W. ẏ) drop the i̯ before i, y, and u; as rhŏ́di̯af, rhŏ́dir, rhŏ́dynt, rhŏ́dut; sŏ́ni̯af, sŏ́nnir, etc.; and stems in ‑w̯- drop the w̯ before w as cắdw̯af, cắdwn; see § 36 i, ii.

—i. In the 2nd sg. and pl. and the imps., a and aw in the stem are affected; thus Mn. W. teli ‘thou payest’, ceni ‘thou singest’, gw̯randewi ‘thou listenest’, gw̯randéwch for gw̯randéw̯wch ‘ye listen’, gofelir ‘care is taken’, amcenir ‘an attempt is made’.

The 1st sg. ends in ‑af; in written ‑aw, as dywedaw, kyuodaw, credaw 82 (≡ dywedaf, cyfodaf, credaf); in O.W., ‑am (≡ aṽ), as ni choilam. 22b ‘I do not believe’.

Traces of an ending ‑if occur: gwneif 1 ‘I will do’, kuynhiw  100 ‘I complain’, kynn mudif lle  1037 ‘before I change [my] place’, cenif, dygif  i 191 ‘I sing, I bring’; cf. Bret. fut. kaninn.

(1) The Ml. ending ‑y of the 2nd sg. remains in D.G., see ceny 186, rhedy 132, and is sometimes met with later; but in Mn. W. generally it became ‑i, see § 77 iv.

The Ml. ‑y itself seems to be for ‑yẟ = Bret. ‑ez by loss of ‑ẟ, § 110 iv (3); the form ‑yẟ occurs in Early Ml. verse: ymwaredit 19 (where ‑it ≡ ‑yẟ) ‘savest thyself’, digonit ib. ‘commit&shy;test’, guneit do. 23 ‘makest’; roẟyẟ 57 ‘givest’, mal y kynnullyẟ yt wesceryẟ ib. ‘as thou gatherest thou scatter&shy;est’. Before di the ‑ẟ was lost early: nerthiti. gl. hortabere, Ml. W. nerthy di ‘thou streng&shy;thenest’ (cf. diwedyẟ for *diweẟ-dyẟ § 110 iv (2)).

In some expres&shy;sions in common use forms without an ending occur; thus beside wely dy yna 36 we have wel dy yna  23 ‘seest thou there?’ wel dy racco  59, etc. § 221 iv (2). So os mɥn di E.M. 93 ‘if thou wilt’; and dial, fɥ́n di ‘wilt thou?’ glɥ́w di ‘dost thou hear?’ Without di we have os mɥ́n D.G. 113 ‘if thou wilt’.

(1) The standard form of the 3rd sg. has no ending. The vowel of the stem undergoes the ultimate i-affection § 83 ii; thus daliaf ‘I hold’, deil ‘holds’;—archaf ‘I bid’, eirch ‘bids’;—galw̯af ‘I call’, geilw̯;—safaf ‘I stand’, saif;—paraf ‘I cause’, pair, peir;—gannaf ‘I am contained’, v.n. genni ‘to be contained’ (< *ꬶhn̥d‑: Lat. pre‑hendo, Gk. 🇬🇷), 3rd sg. gain, see example; in Ml. W. (g)ein 1055, see vi (3) below, also   by § 106 i (2), whence ng spread to other forms;—agoraf ‘I open’, egyr;—collaf ‘I lose’,