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288 The W. adverbial forms of the rel. prob. represent several of these deriv&shy;atives of the rel. *i̯o‑; accented o would remain, and, becoming unacc. later, would give y § 65 iv (2). Distinc&shy;tions of meaning were lost, and the forms were adapted to the initials which followed them.—yẟ before a vowel may represent *i̯ó-dhi ‘where’ or *i̯ó-dhem ‘whence’; possibly in id thrice before aeth in 3, 97 (marg. bis) an old distinc&shy;tion is reflected: id < *i̯ó-te ‘whither’.—yd [soft] denoting manner as kelvit id gan  15 ‘[it is] skilfully   he sings’ < *i̯ó-ti or *i̯ó-thā; denoting number, as pop cant id cuitin do. 95 ‘[it was] by the hundred  they fell’ < *ió̯-ti*i̯ó-ti [sic], cf. Ml. W. pet ‘how many?’—y [rad.] prob. has two sources: 1. yd [soft] before t- gives *yd d- which becomes y t‑, i. e. y [rad.], after&shy;wards extended to other initials; 2. yẟ must have been orig. used before conso&shy;nants as well as vowels, and might take the rad. (yẟ ‘whence’ < *i̯ó-dhem); the ‑ẟ would be lost before the consonant § 110 iv (3).—As yr is not known to occur before the 14th cent. it is im&shy;probable that it repre&shy;sents an old r-deriva&shy;tive. It is most probably for Late Ml. yr as in val yr lygryssit&#8203;…&#8203;ẏ grofdeu 75 ‘the way that his crofts had been ruined’, from y ry, as pob gwlat o’r y ry fuum do. 144 ‘every country of those where I have been’. (Earlier, ry is used without y as Huchof re traydhas&shy;sam i 58.) The analogy of the art. y: yr might help to spread yr rel. before a vowel.

The neg. rel. ny may be < *no < *ni̯o < *ne i̯o. It caused lenition because orig. un&shy;accented, see § 217 iv; later the mutation after it was assimi&shy;lated to that following ordinary ny ‘not’; probably nyt rel. is also ana&shy;logical. na is probably the same as indirect na, see ib.

(1) The relative in all cases comes immediate&shy;ly before the verb of the rel. clause (only an infixed pron. can intervene); and is often preceded by the demon&shy;stratives yr hwn, yr hon, yr hyn, ar as well as y sawl, y neb, yr un, y rhai. In trans&shy;lations these, which are properly ante&shy;cedents or stand in appo&shy;sition to the ante&shy;cedent, are often attracted into the relative sentence, producing a confused con&shy;struction; see Syntax. Before the adverbial forms there occur similarly y lle ‘[in] the place’ (the rel. meaning ‘where’), modd, mal, megis ‘[in] the manner’ (the rel. meaning ‘in which’), pryd ‘the time’ (the rel. meaning ‘when’), etc.

In sentences beginning with a noun or adverb followed by a rel., the noun or adv. is the predicate and the rel. clause the subject. Thus Dafydd a welais i means ‘[it is] David whom I saw’ or ‘[the man] whom I saw [is] David’; yma y ganed Dafydd means ‘[it is] here that D. was born’. In the spoken language the noun or adv. is always emphatic and predic&shy;ative, and the literal meaning is not