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§ 162 (1) The negative relative is nom. acc. ni, nid, Ml. W. ny, nyt; this form is also used in the gen., in the loc. after lle, and in cases governed by prepo&shy;sitions; but the adverbial form generally (e.g. after pryd, modd, fel, megis, paham, pa fodd, etc., and adverbs like braidd, odid, etc.) is na, nad, Ml. W. na, nat. In Late W. there is a tendency to use the a form every&shy;where.

The perfective particle ry may introduce a rel. clause; see § 219 v.

(1) The relative pron. a probably comes from the Ar. relative *i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od: Skr. yá‑ḥ, yā́, yád, Gk. 🇬🇷. It was a proclitic in Brit., and pretonic *i̯o might become *i̯a § 65 vi (2); this was metathesized to ai the oldest attested form, as in hai-oid 2 ‘which was’, ai torro hac ay dimanuo y bryeint hunn  121 ‘who breaks and who dis&shy;honours this privilege’, hai bid. ‘which will be’; and ai was reduced to a, a trace of ae occurring in Ml. W., see i.—To explain the soft mutation after it we have to assume that in Kelt. the nom. sg. m. was *i̯o like that of *so, *sā, *tod: Gk. 🇬🇷 (forms without ‑s are older, and *i̯o might be a survival).—The verb syẟ, yssyẟ repre&shy;sents regularly *estíi̯o = *estí i̯o; it differs from yssit ‘there is’, which sometimes precedes it, as yssit rin yssyẟ vwy 28 ‘there is a secret which is greater’, § 189 iii (3). The acc. a (< *i̯om) prob. had a radical initial after it at first, cf. ae gulich i above, and a gulich…‘which…moistens’ four times in 46.

In Ar. adverbs were formed from pronominal and other stems by adding various suffixes, many of which began with a dental: thus, denoting place, *‑dhi (Gk. 🇬🇷 ‘where?’ 🇬🇷 ‘where’), *‑dhe, *‑dha (Skr. i-há ‘here’, Gk. 🇬🇷), *‑ta (Gk. 🇬🇷 W. gan < *km̥-ta); whither, *‑te (Gk. 🇬🇷? < 🇬🇷 Goth, hvaþ ‘whither?’); whence, *‑dhem (Gk. 🇬🇷), *‑tos (Skr. yá-taḥ ‘whence’, Lat. in-tus, W. hwn‑t ‘hence’); manner, *‑ti (Skr. í-ti ‘thus’, Lat. iti-dem), *‑thā (Skr. ka-thā́ ‘how’, yá-thā ‘as’, Lat. ita < *i-tā); time, *‑dā (Skr. ya-dā ‘when’), *‑te (Gk. 🇬🇷 ‘when’); Brugmann² II ii 728–734. To these may be added the adj. of number formed with *‑ti (Skr. ká-ti ‘how many?’ W. pe‑t id., Lat. quo‑t, Skr. yá-ti ‘as many’).