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232 such forms as carad, e.g. llu du di‑garad 86, and especially the form ‑hā́d (for ‑ha‑ad), which would be *‑haead if the ending were ‑i̯ad; but with stems in ‑i̯- we have e.g. rhodi̯-ad (: rhodi̯af); from these ‑i̯ad was generalized, but too late to cause penultimate affection; hence cari̯ad ‘love’ (‑iad agent affects, see iv (5)). ‑ad, pl. ‑adau is from *‑ə-tu- (Ar. *‑tu- verbal-abstr. suffix): Lat. supine genitum < *g̑enə-tu‑m; ‑ad f. < *‑ə-tā § 203 iii (8).

‑i̯ant is similarly ‑ant < *‑n̥t‑, participial suffix, as in Ml. W. derewant Ỻ.A. 152 ‘stink’, Mn. W. drewi̯ant; it generally appears as ‑i̯ant in Ml. and Mn. W.: meẟẏant 8, Mn. W. meddiant ‘possession’.

‑id in addewid f. ‘promise’, perhaps < *‑ī-tā (: Lat. fīnītus); in cadernid m. ‘might’ < *‑ī-tu- (: Lat. sup. vestītum);—rhyddid is a late re-formation of rhy(ẟ)-did.

‑ni < Brit. *gnīmu‑, O.W. gnim ‘work’ § 203 vii (4): mech-ni ‘bail’ (mach ‘a surety’), noeth-ni ‘nakedness’; ‑i̯oni < ‑i̯ono-gnīm- § 155 ii (1): haeli̯oni ‘liberality’; also ‑oni in barddoni (bardhony i 78) ‘bardism’. As ‑ni is for *‑ᵹni, and nᵹn > n § 110 ii (1), the ending cannot be distinguished from ‑i after n; thus trueni ‘wretchedness’, gwrthuni ‘unseemliness’ may have ‑i or *‑ᵹni.

‑red, lit. ‘course’, < *‑reto‑, √ret‑ § 63 ii: gweithred ‘action’, Ml. W. brithred ‘confusion’ ( = Ir. brechtrad ‘commingling’); in a more literal sense, hydred ‘length’, lledred ‘breadth’.

‑rwydd, lit. ‘course’, < *‑reido‑: Gaul. rēda ‘waggon’ < *reidā, W. rhwydd ‘easy, without let, perfunctory’, lit. ‘*running’; a fertile abstr. suff. in W.: enbyd-rwydd ‘peril’, gwallgof-rwydd ‘insanity’.

‑dra, ‑tra, lit. ‘course’ < *´‑trog‑, √treɡh‑ § 65 ii (1): e‑ofn‑dra ‘fearlessness’.

‑wch < *‑is-qo‑, v.n. ending; see § 201 iii (2): ‘darkness’, heddwch ‘peace’. The ‑wg in the by-form tywyllwg is prob. due to dissim. of continuants; see § 201 iii (3).

‑yd < *‑o-tūts, nom. sg. of *‑o-tūt- (10): bywyd ‘life’, Ir. bethu < Kelt. *biu̯otūts; mebyd ‘youth’; partly perhaps < *‑itī (: Lat. ‑itia, and substituted for it, as tristyd < *trīstitī < trīstitia).

‑ynt in helynt ‘course’; tremynt (dremynt) ‘sight’; prob. *‑en- + ‑tī.

Endings denoting agent or person: (1) ‑adur < Lat. ‑ātōrem, as in pechadur < peccātōrem, extended to new formations: henadur ‘elder’, penadur ‘chieftain’; in creadur ‘creature’ it comes of course from ‑ātūra.

‑ai, Ml. W. ‑ei, properly ‑hei for it hardens the preceding consonant, < *‑sagi̯ō ‘seeker’ § 104 ii (2), as blotai ‘beggar of meal’ (blawd ‘meal’), cynutai ‘gatherer of firewood’ (cynnud ‘firewood’) etc. The late artificial formation mynegai ‘index’ is wrong in form (it should be *mynacai) and in meaning (it should denote a ‘seeker’).

‑awdr < Lat. ‑ātor, as in ymhérawdr < imperātor, créawdr < creātor, extended in W., as in dysgawdr ‘teacher’, llywi̯awdr ‘ruler’.