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156 < *bhrāɡ‑, Lat. frango, E. break: Skr. bhanákti ‘breaks’, Ir. com-boing ‘confringit’, Armen. bek ‘broken’;—W. cryg ‘hoarse’ < *qri‑q‑, ysgrech ‘scream’ < *s‑qriq-nā, Gk. κρίζω, κριγή, E. shriek, Lat. crīmen, √qrei‑: without ‑r‑, W. cwyn ‘complaint’ < *qei-no‑, Ir. cōinim ‘I mourn’, Germ. heiser ‘hoarse’, O. E. hās > E. hoarse (intrusive r);—W. craff ‘sharp’, crafu ‘to scratch’, crach ‘scabs’, E. scrape: without ‑r‑, W. cafn ‘trough’ (scooped out), E. scab, shave, shape, Gk. σκάπτω, σκάφος, Lat. scabo, Lith. skabùs ‘sharp’: *sqra‑b‑/&#8203;‑bh‑/&#8203;‑p‑;—Lat. brevis < *breg̑hu̯is, Gk. βραχύς < *br̥g̑hus: without ‑r‑, Ir. berr, W. byrr, Corn. ber, Bret. berr ‘short’ < *bek’-s-ro‑s (with ‑ro- suff. like W. hīr ‘long’ < *sē-ro-s); Ir. bec(c) ‘small’ < *beggos with dimin. gemination; W. bach ‘small’ < *bₑg̑h(u)so‑; bychan ‘small’, O. W. bichan, Bret., Corn., bichan < *biksogno- < *briks- < *br̥g̑h(u)so‑; bechan < *beg̑h(u)so‑, assumed to be f. in W.—Later examples of lost ‑r- are E. speak: O. E. sprecan, Germ. sprechen;—W. gw̯aith ‘work’: (g)w̯reith § 100 i (2);—Guto (t ≡ tt) hypocoristic form of Gruffudd.

Between initial s- and a sonant, a labial or guttural was liable to drop; thus spr: sr, and sql: sl, etc., Siebs, [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftfrve36kuhngoog#page/n305 KZ. xxxvii 285 ff].—W. cleddyf ‘sword’, ar-choll ‘wound’ § 156 i (6), clais ‘bruise’ < *qləd-ti‑, claddu ‘to bury’, √qolād- ‘strike, cut, dig’: W. lladd ‘kill, cut off, mow’, Ir. slaidim ‘I strike, cut’ < *slad- < *sqləd‑;—W. ffrwd ‘stream’, ffrydio ‘to gush’ < *spru‑t‑, Germ. Sprudel ‘fount, gush, flow of water’: W. rhwd, rhewyn, etc., § 95 i, < *sru‑;—W. ffroen f. ‘nostril’, Ir. srōn f. ‘nose’ < *sprugnā; without s- (p…&#8203;g > t…&#8203;g 86 ii (3)), W. trwyn m. ‘nose’ < *prugno‑s, trywyẟ ‘scent’ < *prugíi̯o‑: Gk. ῥύγχος ‘pig’s snout’ < *srunɡhos § 97 v (3).—So prob. Lat. scaevus, W. chwith § 96 iii (2) < *sq‑, by (2) above for *sql‑: Lat. laevus, Gk. λαιός < *sl‑; by (2) *sl- > *s‑, whence W. asswy < *ad-sou̯i̯‑, Skr. savyáḥ; as sk̑- alternates with sq‑, see iv (1), the simple root is perhaps *k̑lei‑: Lat. clīno, clīvus, W. cledd ‘left (hand)’, go-gledd ‘north’. So perhaps Lat. lact- for *slact- for *sqlact‑: Gk. γάλα, W. glas-dwr § 63 vii (3);—W. ffreu 37 ‘fruit’ < *sprāg‑: Lat. frāgum < *srāg‑.

A semivowel after a long vowel was often dropped: Skr. aṣṭā́u ‘eight’, Goth. ahtau: Skr. aṣṭā́, Gk. ὀκτώ, Lat. octō. The reduced grade may come from either form ; see √uerē(i̯)- § 63 vii (5).

Other sonants might disappear finally after long vowels, as Gk. κύων: Skr. s̑vā́ ‘dog’, Lith. szů̃, Ir. cū, W. ci;—Gk. μήτηρ: Skr. mātā́.

While the place of articulation remained the same, the mode of articulation might vary.

At the end of a root a tenuis frequently alternated with a media. Thus O. E. dȳfan, E. dive < *dheup‑: W. dwfn ‘deep’, Gaul. dubno‑, Lith. dubùs ‘deep’ < *dhub‑, √dheup/b‑;—Lat. gen. pācis: Lat. pango √pā̆k̑/g̑‑;—Lat. sparg-o: Gk. περκ-νός, W. erch, ii (1) above;—Lat. plancus, W. talch: E. flake, √pelāq/ɡ- § 86 ii (3);—Lat.