Page:Morris-Jones Welsh Grammar 0147.png

§ 99 √k̑þei̯- above, with Ar. alternation k̑‑/&#8203;g̑h‑; hence W. daear ‘earth’ < *g̑hðii̯-ₑrā, √g̑hðei̯‑.

ɡ$u̯$hð- (Gk. φθ‑) gave Kelt. d‑. Thus W. dar-fod ‘to waste away, perish’, dar-fodedigaeth ‘phthisis’ < *dar- < *ɡ$u̯$hðₑr‑: Gk. φθείρω < *ɡ$u̯$ðer‑; W. dyddfu ‘to pine, waste away’ < *di‑d‑m- redupl., ‑m- suff.: Gk. φθῑ́ω, ἀπο-φθίθω; in Skr. with *q$u̯$þ‑, as kṣárati ‘flows, passes away, perishes’, kṣī́yate ‘decreases, wanes’.

In Gk. we sometimes find ζ- where the other languages have i̯‑. This equation is held to imply an Ar. palatal spirant j (the sound which is written ᵹ̑, i. e. palatal ᵹ, in other connexions in this book; it differs from i̯ in being pronounced with more friction of the breath). Examples are W. i̯au ‘yoke’, Lat. jugum, Skt. yugá‑m, Gk. ζυγόν, all < Ar. *jugóm;—W. i̯ās ‘a seething’, Skr. yásyati ‘seethes, bubbles’, Gk. ζέω: Ar. √jes‑;—W. uwd ‘porridge’, Ml. W. i̯wt § 37 ii, Bret. iot, Lat. jūs, Skr. yūṣa‑m ‘broth’, Gk. ζῡ́μη: Ar. √jēu‑; W. i̯wrch, O. Corn. yorch: Gk. ζόρξ § 65 iii (2);—W. i̯oli: Gk. ζῆλος § 201 iii (2).

i. Initially before vowels, and medially between vowels, Ar. l, r, m, n (so in most of the languages, but r- > ἐρ- in Gk.) remained unchanged in Pr. Kelt. In W. initial l- and r- became ll- and rh‑, §&nsp;103 i (4). Many examples occur in the above sections; as W. llost < *lompst- § 96 ii (3); W. halen ‘salt’ § 58 ii; W. rhwym, √reig̑- § 95 ii (2); W. adferaf, √bher- § 58 iii; W. mis ‘month’ § 95 iii (1); W. haf, Ir. sam ‘summer’ § 94 i; W. naw ‘nine’ § 76 iii (1); W. ychen ‘oxen’ § 69 v. The treatment of these sonants in combination with s has been discussed in § 95, and in combination with s and an explosive in § 96. There remains the combination of sonants with one another and with explosives.

(1) Ar. ml‑, mr- remained in Pr. Kelt., but in Brit. they became bl‑, br- and appear so in W.; in Ir. both m- and b- appear. Thus W. blys < *mlit‑s- § 96 ii (5);—W. bro ‘region’, Ir. mruig ‘boundary’ < *mrog‑: Lat. margo, O. H. G. marka, O. E. mearc, E. march § 65 ii (1);—W. brag ‘malt’, Ir. mraich Rh