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146  grāre, E. break, burst, W. brych, brith ‘speckled’;—sph&#8209;: W. hwrẟ § 100 iii (2), chw̯yrn ‘swift’ § 90 iv (1), chw̯yrnu ‘to roar, snore’; Skr. sphuráti ‘spurns, darts, bounds’, sphū́rjati ‘rumbles, roars, rattles, crashes’ < *sphu̯r̯̄ɡ&#8209;; Lat. sperno, spargo; E. spurn, sprinkle; Gk. σφάραγος; W. ffraeth § 96 iv (1), ffroen < *sphruɡ-nā (ru < u̯r̥);—p(h)&#8209;: W. erch ‘speckled’, Gk. περκνός; W. arch-fa ‘stench’ < *phₑr’q&#8209;; arogleu ‘a smell’, compound pₑroqo-prāɡ&#8209;?—(p&hellip;&#8203;ɡ > t&hellip;&#8203;ɡ § 86 ii (3)) trywyẟ ‘scent’, trwyn ‘nose’ < *pruɡ-no&#8209;, trawaf ‘I strike’ < *prug- (ru < u̯r̥);—spr > sr § 101 ii (3): W. rhuo ‘roar, talk loudly’ < *srogi̯&#8209;, Gk. ῥέγχω, ῥέγκω, ῥόγχος, ῥύγχος, W. rhoch ‘snore’.

i. (1) In Gk. and Kelt, a dental explosive sometimes appears after a guttural where the other languages have s; this is explained by the supposition that Ar. possessed after gutturals another spirant, similar to E. th in think, W. th, which is written þ. After an aspirated media, as s became z, § 96 i, so þ became ð; thus ghþ > ghð (gðh). Brugmann² I 790 ff.

Ar. k̑þ- (Lat. s&#8209;, Gk. κτ&#8209;, Skr. kṣ&#8209;) gave Kelt. t&#8209;. Thus W. tydwet, tydwed 20, 36 ‘soil, land’ < *tit&#8209;: Lat. situs ‘site’, Gk. κτίσις ‘settlement’, κτίζω ‘I found’, Skr. kṣití&#8209;ḥ ‘abode, earth, land’: √k̑þei̯- ‘earth’, see (3) below.

Ar. &#8209;k̑þ- (Lat. &#8209;x&#8209;, Gk. &#8209;κτ&#8209;, Skr. &#8209;kṣ&#8209;) gave Kelt. &#8209;kt&#8209;. Thus W. arth ‘bear’, Ir. art < *artos < *arktos: Gk. ἄρκτος, Lat. ursus < *urcsos, Skr. ŕ̥kṣaḥ: Ar. *ark̑þos, *r̥k̑þos § 63 v (2).

Ar. g̑hð- (Lat. h&#8209;, Gk. χθ&#8209;, Skr. h&#8209;, Germ. g&#8209;, Lith. ž&#8209;) gave Kelt. d&#8209;. Thus Ir. indhe, W. doe ‘yesterday’ < *desī = Lat. heri: Gk. χθές, Skr. hyáḥ, § 75 vii (2); this occurs medially in W. neithi̯w͡yr ‘last night’ 78 i (2) for *neith-ẟi̯w͡yr < *nokti di̯eserāi (assuming the case to be loc.): O. H. G. gestaron, E. yester&#8209;, Lat. hesternus: Ar. *g̑hði̯es&#8209;, suff. *&#8209;ero&#8209;/&#8203;&#8209;tero&#8209;.—W. ty-ẟyn ‘a measure of land, a small farm’ lit. ‘*house-land’, tref-ẟyn 14, gwely-ẟyn (gwelitin  64), Ml. pl. tyẟynneu for *&#8209;ẟy̆́ni̯eu < *domi̯&#8209;: Lat. humus, Gk. χθών: Ar. *g̑hðem- ‘earth’; allied to this as meaning ‘terrestrial’ are the names for ‘man’: W. dyn, Ir. duine < *doni̯o- < *g̑hðomi̯&#8209;: Lat. homo, Lith. žmů̃, žmo-gùs pl. žmónės, Goth, guma pl. gumans: Ar. *g̑hðem&#8209;. This may be for *g̑hði̯em- as Pedersen suggests, Gr. i 89–90; in that case the root must be *g̑hðei̯&#8209;, which therefore must be the same as