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144 Uxello-dunum < *ups&#8209;, *upsel&#8209;: Lat. sus&#8209;, Gk. ὕψι, ὑψηλός ‘high’, ὑψίων ‘higher’;—W. crych ‘curly’, Gaul. Crixus, Crixsus: Lat. crispus (prob. < *cripsos): Lith. kreĩpti ‘to turn’, √qer- ‘turn’, extd. *qreip&#8209;;—W. llachar ‘bright’, Ir. lassair < *lapsₑr&#8209;: Gk. λάμπω;—W. crach ‘scabs’ < *qrap&#8209;s&#8209;: craff above, see § 101 ii (2). As in the case of &#8209;ks&#8209;, see iii (6), the *&#8209;ch- may become &#8209;h&#8209;, as in cah-el beside caff-el < *qap&#8209;s- § 188 iv.

i. Before a media or aspirated media, s had become z medially in Pr. Ar. Thus the V-grade of √sed- was &#8209;zd&#8209;. Ar. z became ẟ in Pr. Kelt. This remained in Brit., and the media following it was reduced later to the corresponding voiced spirant.

Ar. &#8209;zd- > Kelt. ẟd. In W. this became th, through ẟẟ; in Ir. it appears as t, tt (≡ d&#8209;d), Mn. Ir. d. Thus Ar. *nizdos ‘nest’ > Ir. net, nett, Mn. Ir. nead, W. nyth: Lat. nīdus, O. H. G. nest, E. nest, Skr. nīḍá&#8209;ḥ, √sed- § 63 ii;—W. syth 'upright', sythu ‘set erect’, Ir. seta ‘tall’ < *sizd&#8209;: Lat. sīdo < *sizdō, Skr. sī́dati ‘sits’ for *sīḍati < *sizd&#8209;, Gk. ἵζω < *sizdō, √sed&#8209;, redupl. *sizd&#8209;;—W. gŵyth ‘anger’, ad-wyth ‘hurt, mischief, misfortune’ < *g̑heizd&#8209;, Ml. Ir. goet ‘wound’ < *g̑hoizd&#8209;: Skr. héḍa&#8209;ḥ ‘anger’ < *g̑heizd-os, héḍati ‘angers, vexes, hurts’, Lith. žáizda ‘wound’, žeidžiù ‘I wound’, Av. zōižda- ‘hateful’;—W. brathu ‘to stab, bite’, brath ‘a stab, a bite’ < *bhrazd(h)&#8209;: Russ. brozdá ‘bit, bridle’ < *bhrazd(h)&#8209;, O. Bulg. brŭzda id. < *bhr̥zd(h)&#8209;: with &#8209;st&#8209;, Skr. bhr̥ṣṭí&#8209;ḥ ‘tooth, point’, Lat. fastīgium for *farsti- (< *frasti&#8209;?), √bhera&#8209;s&#8209;? Walde² 275, extension of √bher- ‘prick’: W. bêr ‘spear, spit’;—&#8209;d- presents: W. chw̯ythaf ‘I blow’ < *su̯iz&#8209;d&#8209;, Ir. sētim id. < *su̯eiz&#8209;d&#8209;: Skr. kṣveḍati ‘utters an inarticulate sound, hisses, hums’ < *ksu̯eiz&#8209;d&#8209;: with &#8209;t&#8209;, O. Bulg. svistati ‘sibilare’.

After a consonant the result is the same, for the consonant had dropped in Brit., and though st of that period remains (e.g. Lat. &#8209;st&#8209;), the mutation d > ẟ is later, so that Brit. &#8209;ẟd > ẟẟ > th. Thus the prefix *eks- + d- gave *e(g)zd- > *eẟd- > eth- as in ethol ‘to elect’ < *egz-dol-: E. tale, Ger. Zahl ‘number’, W. didoli ‘to segregate’, Skr. dálam ‘piece’, Lith. dalìs ‘part’, √dē̆l- ‘divide’.

Ar. &#8209;zg̑(h)&#8209;, &#8209;zg(h)- > Kelt. &#8209;ẟg&#8209;; in Ir. it appears as dg (≡ ẟᵹ); in W. *ẟᵹ became i̯ẟ by met.; after w, *ẟᵹ > ẟf. Thus