Page:Morris-Jones Welsh Grammar 0142.png

142 Thus Ar. verbal suffix *&#8209;sqe- (: Skr. &#8209;ccha&#8209;, Gk. &#8209;σκω, Lat. &#8209;sco), appears as ch in W. chwenychaf; finally &#8209;wch < *&#8209;y$u̯$χ < *&#8209;i&#8209;sq- (: Gk. &#8209;ι-σκω) § 201 iii (2);—Ml. W. amkawẟ 453 ‘replied’ < *am-χ$u̯$&#8209;awẟ § 156 i (4) < *m̥bi&#8209;sq$u̯$&#8209;, √seq$u̯$&#8209; ‘say’; suffix § 182 iii.

After an explosive or nasal, however, Ar. &#8209;sk̑&#8209;, &#8209;sq&#8209; > W. &#8209;sc&#8209; (&#8209;sg&#8209;), and Ar. &#8209;sq$u̯$&#8209; > W. &#8209;sp&#8209;; in Ir. &#8209;sc&#8209;. Thus W. mysgu, cymysgu ‘to mix’, Ir. mescaim ‘I mix’ < *mik̑&#8209;sq&#8209;: Lat. misceo, Gk. μίγνυμι, Skr. mis̑rá&#8209;ḥ ‘mixed’, √meik̑/g̑&#8209;;—W. llusgo ‘to drag’ < *lop&#8209;sq- ii (3) above;—W. hesg ‘sedges’, Ir. sescenn ‘swamp’ < *seq&#8209;sq&#8209;: E. sedge, O. E. secg √seq/ɡ- ‘cut’: Lat. seco etc.;—W. llesg ‘languid, infirm, sluggish’, Ir. lesc ‘slothful’ < *leq&#8209;sq&#8209;, √(s)lē̆g&#8209;: Skr. laŋga&#8209;ḥ ‘lame’ < *lenɡ&#8209;, Lat. langueo < *lənɡ&#8209;, Gk. λαγαρός;—W. gw̯rysg ‘twigs’ < *u̯r̥d&#8209;sq&#8209;: Lat. rāmus < *u̯r̥̄d-mo&#8209;s, √u̯erō̆d- § 91;—W. diaspad f. ‘a cry’ < *dē-ad-sq$u̯$&#8209;ətā, √seq$u̯$&#8209;, suff. § 143 iii (18); W. cosp ‘punishment’, Ir. cosc ‘correction, reprimand’ < *kon&#8209;sq$u̯$&#8209; ‘talk with’.

As the group &#8209;sku̯- or &#8209;squ̯- contains three distinct consonants, it gives &#8209;sp- in W. (not &#8209;ch&#8209;); thus W. hysp ‘dry’ (without milk), di-hysb-yddu ‘to bail’ (a boat, a well, etc.), di-hysb-ydd ‘inexhaustible’ < *sisq-u̯o- redupl. of √seiq- ‘dry’: Avest. hišku- f. hiškvī&#8209;, Lat. siccus < *sīcos (W. sych, Ir. secc < Lat. ?).

Ar. &#8209;ks&#8209;, &#8209;qs&#8209;, &#8209;q$u̯$s&#8209; give Ir. ss, W. Bret. Corn. &#8209;ch- or &#8209;h&#8209;. Thus Ir. dess ‘right (hand)’ < *dek̑s&#8209;, W. deheu ‘right, south’ < *deksou̯i̯os, Gaul. Dexsiva dea: Lat. dexter, Gk. δεξιός, Goth. taihswa, O. H. G. zësawa;—Ir. ess&#8209;, W. eh&#8209;, ech- § 156 i (15): Lat. ex, Gk. ἐξ;—W. ych ‘ox’ (Ml. Ir. oss) < *uqsō: Skr. ukṣā, O. H. G. ohso, § 69 v.—So finally: W. chw̯ech ‘six’, Ir. sē, sess- < *su̯eks: Av. xšvaš, Gk. ἕξ (῾ϝεξ), Lat. sex, Goth. saihs, E. six < Ar. *su̯ek̑s, *sek̑s § 101 ii (2).

As before ts, an explosive or nasal before the group dropped; but in that case &#8209;ks- probably, like &#8209;sk&#8209;, did not become χ, but remained and developed like Lat. &#8209;x&#8209;; so perhaps trais ‘oppression’ < *treks- < *trenk&#8209;s&#8209;: W. trenn, Ger. streng § 148 i (13). A liquid before the group remains, § 95 iv (2); &#8209;ksl&#8209;, &#8209;ksm&#8209; etc., § 95 ii (2).

After s, Ar. p in Kelt. either (α) became *f as usual; or (β) was altered to q$u̯$ and developed accordingly.