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§ 96 In W. sc has become sg, and initially ysg&#8209;, § 23 ii. Thus W. ysgḯen, Ir. scīan ‘knife’, √sk̑hē(i̯)&#8209;: Skr. chyáti ‘cuts off’;—Ml. W. isgaud 35 ‘darkness’, Ir. scāth ‘shadow’ < *skāt&#8209;: Goth. skadus, E. shade, Gk. σκότος, Skr. chādáyati ‘covers’;—W. hegl ‘shank’ < *skek&#8209;l&#8209;: E. shank √sk̑eq/ɡ&#8209;: W. ysgogi ‘stir, shake’, E. shake, Lith. szókti ‘to leap, dance’.

After a prefix: W. cysgod, gwasgod ‘shade’ < *skāt&#8209;, as above.

Ar. sq- gives Ir. sc&#8209;, W. sc- (ysg&#8209;) or chw̯- (or before a round vowel h&#8209;). Thus W. ysgwyd ‘shield’, Ir. scīath < *sqeit-om: Lat. scūtum < *sqoit-om, O. Bulg. štitŭ ‘shield’ < *sqeit-om;—W. ysgar ‘to separate’, Ir. scaraim, √sqer&#8209;: Lith. skìrti ‘to separate’;—W. chwith ‘left (hand)’ < *sqī&#8209;tn&#8209;, chwidr ‘perverse, fickle’ < *sqī&#8209;tr&#8209;, Mn. Ir. ciotach ‘left-handed’ <*sqi&#8209;tn&#8209;, W. ysgoewan f. ‘fickle one’ < *sqai&#8209;u̯&#8209;, all R-grades of *sqēi̯- ‘left, oblique’: Lat. scaevus, Gk. σκαι(ϝ)ός, E. shy;—W. chwalu ‘to scatter’, Bret. skula, Ir. scāilim ‘I scatter’, √sqel- § 101 iv (2): hollt ‘split’ iv (1) (β).

With a prefix: W. gwa-sgar-af ‘I scatter’, √sqer- § 101 iv (2);—cy-chw̯ynn-af ‘I rise, start’, Ir. scendim: Lat. scando, Skr. skándati ‘leaps, bounds’, √sqend&#8209;;—W. osgo ‘slant’, nyt osco-es 25 ‘he swerved not’ < *op-sqaiu̯&#8209;; Ml. W. amry-scoyw̯, Mn. W. amrosgo ‘diagonal, awkward’ < *sqaiu̯&#8209;: Lat. scaevus, see above;—W. cy-huddo ‘to accuse’: Icel. skúta ‘a taunt’, § 156 i (9).

skl&#8209;, skr&#8209;, where they remained in Brit., survived in W., now ysgl- ysgr&#8209;, as ysglyfaeth § 101 iv (2), ysgrafell ‘rasp’: E. scrape, iv (3). But these were mostly reduced early to *sl&#8209;, sr&#8209;, § 101 ii (3). Medially we may have &#8209;chl&#8209;, &#8209;chr&#8209;, § 156 i (11), (13).

Ar. sq$u̯$- gives Ir. sc&#8209;, W. chw̯&#8209;. Thus Ir. scēl, W. chw̯edl, Corn. whethl ‘news, a tale’ < *sq$u̯$-e-tlo- > √seq$u̯$- ‘say’. With a prefix: Ml. W. ky-chwedɏl 38 ‘news’ = Ml. Bret. quehezl, Bret. kel;—W. dym-chwel-af ‘I overthrow’: Gk. σφάλλω, Skr. skhálati ‘stumbles’, √sq$u̯$hel&#8209;;—W. dy-chwel-af ‘I return’ < *do-sq$u̯$el&#8209;, √q$u̯$el- ‘turn’, § 101 iv (2).—sp in the old compound cosp, see (5).

Medially between vowels Ar. &#8209;sk̑- > W. ch, but is hardly to be found except in old compounds like gochel ‘to guard (against)’, ym-ochel ‘to take shelter’ < *upo-s-k̑el&#8209;, √k̑el- § 63 iii.—Ar. &#8209;sq&#8209;, &#8209;sq$u̯$- gave χ$u̯$, generally unrounded to ch; in Ir. all appear as ss.