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136 properly double ƚƚ § 54 i (2)). Examples: sm: W. twymyn ‘fever’ < *tepes-men- § 86 i (3).—W. ym ‘we are’, Ir. ammi < Kelt. *ésmesi § 179 ix (3).—sn: W. onn-en ‘ash’, Ir. huinn-ius < *os&#8209;n&#8209;: Lat. ornus < *osinus, O. H. G. as&#8209;k, E. ash.—W. bronn ‘breast’, Ir. bruinne id. < *brus&#8209;n&#8209;: O. H. G. brus&#8209;t ‘breast’.—sl: W. coll ‘hazel’, Ir. coll < *qos&#8209;l&#8209;: Lat. corulus < *cosulus, O. H. G. hasal, E. hazel, Lith. kasulas ‘spear’.—sr: W. fferru ‘to congeal’ < *spis&#8209;r&#8209;: Lat. spissus ‘thick’. After a long vowel or diphthong n or r is simplified, as in ffūn ‘breath’ < *spois&#8209;n- § 96 iv (1);—gw̯awr ‘dawn’ < *u̯ōs&#8209;r&#8209;: Lat. vēr ‘spring’ < *u̯ēs&#8209;r, √eu̯es&#8209;. But the simplification took place too late to give *f, *l for m, ll in twymyn, pwyll, etc.; and &#8209;m, &#8209;ll remained double after simple vowels and shortened them, as in drŭm § 100 v, dŭll (2) below.

An explosive before one of the above groups simply disappears; thus *prə-t-snā > W. rhann § 63 vii (2);—*tuk-slo&#8209;s > W. twll § 86 ii (3);—*dr̥k-smā > W. drem ‘sight’, √derk̑- § 61 i;—W. rhwym ‘band’ < *reig-smen > √reig̑&#8209;: Lat. corrigia;—W. pwyll, Ir. cīall ‘thought’ < *q$u̯$eit&#8209;sl&#8209;: Skr. cit-tá&#8209;m ‘thought’, caityaḥ ‘soul’;—W. dull ‘manner, appearance’ < *doik&#8209;sl&#8209;, √deik̑&#8209;: Gk. δείκνυμι.

But a sonant in the above position remains. Examples: W. garm ‘shout’, Ir. gairm < *g̑ar-smn̥, √g̑ā̆r&#8209;: Lat. garrio;—W. telm ‘snare’, Ir. tailm, gen. telma < *tel&#8209;sm&#8209;: Gk. τελαμών ‘thong’;—Ml. W. anmyneẟ (now amynedd), Ir. ainmne ‘patience’ < *n̥-smenii̯ā, √menēi̯ ‘thought’, pref. n̥- ‘in’;—W. mymryn ‘a little bit’, Ir. mīr ‘a bit of flesh’ < *mēmsro&#8209;m (ī shortened in Brit., m lost in Ir.): Lat. membrum < *mēmsrom, Gk. μηρός < *mēmsros or *mēsros, Skr. mās ‘flesh’;—W. cern ‘back of cheek’ < *k̑ersn&#8209;: Lat. cernuus < *k̑ersn&#8209;, Gk. κάρηνον < *k̑ₑrasnom) Lat. cerebrum < *k̑erasrom; W. carr yr ên ‘jawbone’ either < *k̑ₑr’s&#8209;r- (: cf. Lat. cerebrum) or simply *k̑ₑr’s&#8209;;—W. amnaid ‘nod’ (for *anmeid), O. W. pl. enmeituou, O. Bret. enmetiam gl. innuo < *en-smet&#8209;: Ir. smētim ‘I nod’ < *sment&#8209;. It is to be observed that m in these groups = mm, and is not mutated to f.

(1) Ar. &#8209;ms&#8209;, &#8209;ns- became &#8209;ss- in Pr. Kelt., and appear so in Gaul., Ir., and W. Thus Gaul. esseda ‘war-chariot’ < *en-sed-ā § 63 ii; and acc. pl. &#8209;ass in artuass (like Lat. &#8209;ās) < *&#8209;āns. In