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§§ 88, 89 > W. melys ‘sweet’, Ir. milis. As dt became tt, § 93 i, the same result followed; thus Ar. √u̯eid- ‘see, know’, gave *u̯id‑t- > *u̯itt- > *u̯itˢt- > W. gwŷs ‘it is known’ § 63 iv: Skr. vitta‑ḥ ‘known’;—Ar. √(s)k̑heid‑/&#8203;(s)qheid‑: R-grade nasalized > Lat. scindo, F-grade *keid‑t- > *keitˢt- > W. cŵys ‘furrow’, Ir. cēis.—So W. cas ‘hate’ < *k̑əd‑t‑, √k̑ād‑: E. hate; F-grade, W. cawdd ‘insult’: Gk. κῆδος. Similarly Ar. dd > dᶻd > zd, § 91 ii.

Ar. k̑ (Lat. c; Gk. κ; Germ. h, ‑g‑; Lith. sz; Skr. s̑), Ar. k̑h (Gk. χ), Ar. q (Lat. c; Gk. κ; Germ. h, ‑g‑; Lith. k; Skr. k, c), Ar. qh (Gk. χ, Skr. kh) appear in Kelt. as k. Examples: Ar. *k̑m̥tóm ‘100’ > Lat. centum, Gk. ἑ-κατόν, O. E. hund, Lith. szim̃tas. Skr. s̑atá‑m: Ir. cēt, W. cant < Pr. Kelt. *kn̥tom.—Ar. √qā‑, F-grade Lat. cārus, Skr. kā́yamāna‑ḥ ‘fond’, R-grade W. caraf ‘I love’.—Ar. *qap- > Lat. capio: W. cael § 188 iv—Ar. *qrek̑t > Ir. crecht, W. craith ‘scar’ < Pr. Kelt. *krekt‑: Skr. karjati ‘injures’ < *qerg̑‑, √qereg̑‑.—Ar. *ₑreqt- > Pr. Kelt. *arekt- > W. araith ‘speech’ § 63 iii.

i. Ar. q$u̯$ (Lat. qu; Gk. π, but τ before ε or η, and κ before or after υ; Germ. hw, ‑f‑, ‑w‑, ‑g‑; Lith. k; Skr. k, c) and probably Ar. q$u̯$h (Skr. kh; Gk. φ, θ?) were q$u̯$ in Pr. Kelt. This remains as q$u̯$ in the ogam inscriptions, but became c in Ir.; in Gaul. and Brit. it appears as p.—Examples: Ar. *q$u̯$etu̯er- (in various grades § 63 vii (4)) > Lat. quattuor, Skr. catvā́raḥ: W. pedwar, Ir. cethir.—Ar. √q$u̯$elāˣ‑/&#8203;q$u̯$ēl- > W. pell ‘far’ (< *q$u̯$el-s-o‑): Gk. τῆλε.—Ar. √seq$u̯$‑: Lat. inquam < *insquām: Ml. W. hep, heb ‘says’.—W. prynaf < I buy § 201 i (4); Ar. √leiq$u̯$- > Gk. λείπω: W. llwyb‑r ‘track’: Lat. linquo (n-infix).

(1) Before t, s and prob. n, Ar. q$u̯$ became k in Kelt. Thus Ar. *poq$u̯$t- > *q$u̯$oq$u̯$t- > *q$u̯$okt- > W. poeth, § 86 ii (2).—Ar. *noq$u̯$t- (√noɡ$u̯$‑) > Kelt. *nokt- > Ir. nocht, W. noeth ‘naked’: Lat. nūdus < *noɡ$u̯$edhos.—W. gw̯lyb, O. W. gulip ‘wet’ < *u̯liq$u̯$‑: Lat. liqueo; W. gw̯lith ‘dew’ < *u̯likt- < *u̯liq$u̯$t‑; gw̯lych ‘liquid’ (such as gravy, etc.) < *u̯lik‑n- or u̯lik‑s‑: *√u̯eleiq$u̯$‑.

For Ar. sq$u̯$, q$u̯$s, see § 96 iii.

After l or r also (but not l̥, r̥), we have k for Ar. q$u̯$; thus W. golch ‘slops’, golchi ‘to wash’ (Ir. folcaim) < *u̯olk- < *u̯olq$u̯$- § 100 ii (2): *u̯liq$u̯$‑, as above.—W. cynnyrch ‘crop, produce’ <