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§ 86 &#42;do-pro&#8209;d&#8209;, *√dō&#8209;, § 63 vi (1).—*mpl- *mpr- > *aml&#8209;, *amr- > W. af&#8209;l&#8209;, af&#8209;r&#8209;, as af-les ‘harm’, Ir. am-less thus af- spread for an- < *n̥- (neg. prefix) before l and r, see § 156 i (5).

Ir. col, Bret. col, W. cŵl ‘fault’: Lat. culpa, O. Lat. colpa.—Ir. cilornn gl. urceus, O. W. cilurnn (≡ cỿlwrnn) gl. urnam, W. celwrn, Bret. kelorn: Lat. calpar, Calpurnius, Gk. κάλπη, Skr. karpara&#8209;ḥ ‘shell’ (Kelt. ĭ or ĕ in first syll. unexplained).—W. crydd ‘shoemaker’ (for *cerydd § 40 iii (3)), Bret. kere < *karpíi̯ō, Ir. cairem < *karpimo&#8209;: Lat. carpisculum, Gk. κρηπίς: √qerāˣp- ‘shoe’. *mp > *m > W. f or w: W. tywydd ‘weather’ for *tyw̯w͡yẟ < *tempes-edō: Lat. tempestas.

*mpl, *mpr gave *ml, *mr, W. fl, fr, as cyflawn ‘full’ < *kom-pl̥̄n&#8209;, cyfran ‘share’ < *kom-prət-snā § 63 vii (2).

(1) Before t, Ar. p became q$u̯$ > k (§ 89 ii) in Pr. Kelt. Thus Ar. *septm̥ > Pr. Kelt. *sektm̥ > Ir. secht n&#8209;, W. saith: Lat. septem, Gk. ἑπτά, etc.—Ar. *qap-tos > Pr. Kelt. *kaktos > Ir. cacht, W. caeth ‘serf’: Lat. captus.—Ar. *neptís > Pr. Kelt. *nektís > Ir. necht, W. nith ‘niece’: Lat. neptis.—W. llithro ‘to slip’ < *sliktr- < *slip&#8209;tr&#8209;, *√slei&#8209;b- extension of √slei&#8209;: E. slip, etc., § 95 i.

Before or after s also, p was liable to become q$u̯$ in Kelt., § 96 iv; also before n, see iv below.

Initially in anticipation of medial q$u̯$, Ar. p became q$u̯$ in Italo-Keltic; as Ar. *penq$u̯$e ‘five’ > Skr. pañca, Gk. πέντε: Lat. quinque, Pr. Kelt. *q$u̯$eŋq$u̯$e > O. W. pimp, Ml. W. pymp, pump, Ir. cōic, Gaul. πεμπε&#8209;.—Ar. *peq$u̯$&#8209;, *poq$u̯$- > Gk. πέπων, πόπανον: Lat. coquo (< *quequō), coctus, Bret. pibi, W. pobi ‘to bake’ (< *q$u̯$oq$u̯$&#8209;), poeth ‘hot’ (< *q$u̯$oq$u̯$&#8209;t&#8209;).

In anticipation of k or q, Ar. p- seems in some cases to have become t&#8209;; thus Ir. torc (beside orc), W. twrch ‘boar’: Lat. porcus; see turio § 101 iii (1);—W. tanc ‘peace’: Lat. pax, pango, √pāk̑/g̑&#8209;;—W. teg ‘fair’, Gaul. Tecos: O. E. fægr, E. fair, √pē̆k&#8209;;—W. gwar-