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124 It is usual to include in the Ar. nasals ŋ̑, occurring only before k̑, g̑, k̑h, g̑h, and ŋ occurring only before q ɡ, etc. These are secondary sounds due to the assimilation of m, n to gutturals; and it is not certain that such assimilation had taken place in Ar. We find e.g. mt in *k̑m̥tóm still remaining in Lith. szim̃tas, § 62 i.

In Pr. Kelt. the aspirated explosives fell together with the unaspirated, thus th and dh are treated as t and d respectively; there is one exception § 92 iii. The velars fell together with the palatals, thus q, like k̑, gave k. Hence, g̑, g̑h, ɡ, ɡh all appear as g in Kelt.

i. Ar. p (Lat. p; Gk. π; Germ. f; Skr. p) and Ar. ph (Skr. ph; Gk. φ) disappeared in Kelt. (1) initially before a vowel, (2) initially before a sonant, (3) between vowels, (4) between a vowel and a sonant, (5) between a sonant and a vowel, (6) between sonants.

(1) Ar. *pib- > Skr. píbāmi ‘I drink’, Lat. bibo (< *pibō): Ir. ibim ‘I drink’, O. W. iben ‘we drink’, W. yfaf ‘I drink’.—Ar. √pet- ‘fly’ > Lat. penna < *petsnā: O. W. etn, Mn. W. edn ‘bird’ < *petno&#8209;.—Ir. athir ‘father’ < *pətēr, W. edryd ‘parentage, descent’ < *pətr̥&#8209;t&#8209;, edrydd ‘patrimony’ (e.g. i 247) < *pətrii̯o&#8209;, edryf id. < *pətr̥&#8209;m&#8209;: Lat. pater, Gk. πατήρ, etc., Skr. pitr̥tvá&#8209;m ‘paternity’, pítriyaḥ ‘paternal, ancestral’, Gk. πάτριος, etc.—Ir. air&#8209;, W. ar- ‘fore&#8209;’, Gaul. are- < *pₑri&#8209;: Gk. παρά.—Ar. *pr̥t- > Lat. portus: O. W. rit, W. rhyd ‘ford’, § 61 i.—Ar. *pl̥̄n- > W. llawn, § 63 vii (2).

Ar. *pro > Lat. pro&#8209;, Gk. πρό, Skr. prá: Ir. ro&#8209;, O. W. ro&#8209;, W. rhy&#8209;.—Ar. *plār- > O. E. flōr: Ir. lār, W. llawr ‘floor’, § 63 vii (2).—Ar. *prii̯os > Goth. freis, O. E. frēo, E. free: W. rhydd ‘free’.—W. lliaws § 75 ii (2).—W. llydan § 63 viii (1).

Ar. *nepōt- > Skr. nápāt&#8209;, Lat. nepōs: Ir. niæ, Ml. W. nei ‘nephew’, § 75 vii (2).—Ar. *upo- > Pr. Kelt. *u̯o- > Gaul. u̯o&#8209;, Ir. fo&#8209;, W. gw̯o&#8209;, go&#8209;.—W. twymn ‘hot’, twymyn ‘fever’ < *tepes-men&#8209;, § 75 vii (2).

Ir. tene ‘fire’ < *tepnet&#8209;, W. tân id. < *tₑp&#8209;n&#8209;: Lat. tepeo, Skr. tápas ‘heat’.—Ir. solam, W. hylaw ‘handy’ < Pr. Kelt. *su-lām-os < Ar. *pl̥̄&#8209;, § 63 vii (2).—W. dyro ‘give’ <