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§ 62

Before vowels and i̯ and u̯, Ar. preserved an older form of these sounds, which we may write ₑl, ₑr, where ₑ represents an indistinct or murmured vowel. These give Kelt, ar, al, see § 63 iii.

Ar. l̥̄, r̥̄ (Lat. lā, rā; Skr. īr, ūr for both) appear in Pr. Kelt. as lā, rā. Thus Ar. *pl̥̄-no- ‘full’ (√pelē‑) > Skr. pūrṇá‑ḥ: Ir. lān, W. llawn ‘full’ < Pr. Kelt. *(p)lānos.—Ar. *ml̥̄‑t- (√melā- ‘grind’) > W. blawd ‘flour’ < Pr. Kelt. *mlāt‑.—Ar. *g̑r̥̄n- (√gerāˣ- ‘rub, grind’) > Lat. grānum, Skr. jīrṇá‑ḥ ‘worn out’: Ir. grān, W. grawn ‘grain’ < Pr. Kelt. *grān‑. See § 63 vii (2).

i. (1) Ar. m̥, n̥ (Lat. em, en; Gk. 🇬🇷; Germ. um, un; Skr. a) remained in Pr. Kelt., and appear as am, an in Brit. and Gaul., and *em, *en in Ir. (becoming ē before c, t, and im, in before b, d, g). Thus Ar. k̑m̥tóm ‘hundred’ > Lat. centum, Gk. 🇬🇷, Goth. hund, Lith. szim̃tas, Skr. s̑atá‑m: Ir. cēt, W. cant.—Ar. *dn̥t- ‘tooth’ > Lat. dent‑, Goth. tunþus, Skr. dat‑: Ir. dēt, W. dant.—Ar. *n̥- negative prefix > Lat. in‑, Gk. 🇬🇷 Germ, un‑: Ir. in-gnath ‘unwonted’, ē-trōcar ‘unmerciful’, W. an- § 156 i (5).

Before vowels and i̯ and u̯, the forms were ₑm, ₑn, see § 61 i (2); these gave am, an in Kelt., and appear so in Ir. and W.; thus W. adanedd ‘wings’ < *pₑtₑníi̯ās; O. W. ‑ham, W. ‑(h)af spv. suffix < *‑isₑmos. But when ₑn followed the accent it seems to have become ann in Kelt. (through n̥n?); thus Ir. anmann ‘names’ < *án’mₑna < *ánəmₑnə § 121 iv, § 63 v (2); Ir. Ērenn ‘of Ireland’ < *ēriann < *īu̯erii̯ₑn-os beside W. Iwerẟon ‘Ireland’ < *īu̯éri̯on‑;—Brit. Britann- < *q$u̯$rítₑn- § 3 iii; with the same suffix W. pell-enn-ig ‘stranger’;—W. griddfan ‘groan’ pl. griddfannau § 203 ii (4);—W. Gofannon, Gaul. Gobannicnos, Ir. goba ‘smith’, gen. gobann; etc.—Final ‑ann either remains as ‑an, or is reduced to ‑a § 110 v (2), or tended to become ‑ant (through ‑and?) § 121 iv, 203 ii (4).