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 He exercises this function either alone or in a general council. Sometimes he acts in his own name, sometimes he uses one of the Roman Congregations for his purpose. The Congregation of Sacred Rites (S.R.C.) has received from the Pope authority to make laws for the whole Church in liturgical matters which have been entrusted to its supervision.

The general decrees, then, of the S.R.C. bind the whole Latin Church by their own authority. The same must be said of special decrees which are comprehensive i.e., which merely interpret the meaning and application of a pre-existing law. Decrees made in answer to special questions, if they are not promulgated authentically, and especially if they are extensive i.e., if they contain a new provision of law bind the parties concerned, but probably impose no obligation on others.

(b) The Bishops, assembled in national or provincial councils, or separately in their respective dioceses, make laws for their own subjects. A Bishop's legislative authority is usually exercised in his diocesan synod; other ordinances are looked upon rather as precepts than laws, unless the Bishop, after consulting his chapter, specially expresses his mind to the contrary. By modern ecclesiastical law, an Archbishop has no legislative authority over his suffragans or their dioceses. He can hear appeals from their subjects, and in special cases he supplies for their neglect of duty (Can. 274).

Bishops, inasmuch as they are subject to the common law of the Church and the decrees of the Holy See, can make no law which is contrary to these.

(c) Religious Orders have power to make laws for their own members. The power is exercised according to the special Constitutions and Rules approved by the Holy See for each Order. Orders of women, however, have no legislative authority, though the superioresses, by virtue of what is called dominative power, can of course give binding precepts to their subjects.

(d) Parish priests, since they have no jurisdiction in the external forum, are incapable of making laws.

It belongs to canon law to treat more fully this and similar matters connected with laws; nor is it any part of the duty of a moral theologian to inquire what is the legislative authority in civil matters.