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 had been alive, his property will be administered as in bankruptcy according to English law.

If a debtor makes a payment of money or a delivery of property to a creditor not in the ordinary way of business and without any pressure or demand on the part of the creditor, knowing that his circumstances are such that bankruptcy will be the probable result, he is guilty of a fraudulent preference in English law. Such fraudulent preference is void against the trustee in bankruptcy, if made within three months before the bankruptcy petition is presented. There is a similar provision in American bankruptcy law, but the period is four months instead of three.

Those who are on the verge of bankruptcy should not, of course, give such preferences to any of their creditors merely with the intention of favouring them at the expense of other creditors. If they cannot pay their debts in full, the claims of justice are the same for all, and all creditors should share alike. If such a preference has been given, the property must, of course, be surrendered to the official receiver or trustee on his demand. But supposing that he does not come to the knowledge of it, and makes no demand for it, is the preferred creditor bound to surrender the property of his own accord? There would seem to be no obligation in conscience to do so. He has only received payment of what was due to him, as we suppose; he might have demanded payment, and then the insolvent debtor might lawfully have paid it. No valid reason can be urged to show that in accepting full payment of his debt before the debtor's bankruptcy the preferred creditor commits an act of injustice against the other creditors. If he does not commit an act of injustice against them, he is not bound to make restitution to them. At least, this opinion would seem not to be destitute of all probability in its favour.

i. In the internal forum of conscience it is sufficient to indemnify the injured person for the injury which he has suffered, and in whatever way this is done conscience will be satisfied. Restitution, then, may be made by one's self or through another, with or without the knowledge of the injured party, under the guise of a gift, or by extra work in the case