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IN this chapter we will treat of certain questions concerning the circumstances of restitution, as, to whom restitution is to be made, how much, in what order, in what manner, at what time and place.

1. Restitution is compensation for an injury inflicted, and so in general it must be made to him who suffered the injury. This will in general be the lawful possessor of the property taken or damaged, to whom, therefore, restitution must be made if he is known for certain. If the property was taken from a child, or from a servant who merely held it for his master, it may be restored to the father of the child or to the master. If it belonged to a corporation, it should be restored to those who administer its affairs.

2. In case of doubt as to whom the property belongs, diligent inquiry should be made, and if the doubt cannot be resolved, the property should be divided among those who are the probable owners if they are few in number. If they are many and uncertain, restitution may be made to the poor or to religious purposes of the place where the injury was committed, for the true owners may in the circumstances be presumed to wish that this should be done. If the property cannot well be devoted to local charitable or religious purposes, it may be spent elsewhere on such causes. When shopkeepers and others are bound to restitution for defrauding their customers, the persons injured are not altogether unknown, and restitution can best be made by restoring to future customers what has been unjustly taken away.

3. If the true owner is altogether unknown and cannot be discovered, property which has been obtained without injustice may be retained and treated as property found, in which the finder has a qualified ownership.