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 nor is there any obligation to make restitution. These principles are not only applicable to sin, but to vocation to the religious state and to sound doctrine, especially of the practical order.

Priests or masters, who by their office are bound to instruct others and teach them the truth, are in a special manner obliged to correct any false instruction which they may have given. Better leave people in ignorance than imbue their minds with falsehood.

2. There is a controversy among theologians as to whether there is an obligation apart from the just sentence of a judge for one who has injured another in one species of goods, as, for example, in his reputation, to make restitution to him in goods of another order, as, for example, in money. A competent judge may, of course, impose such an obligation according to the rules of equity; but apart from positive law the opinion which denies any strict obligation to do this seems the more probable. For if justice imposed such an obligation, equality would have to be secured between the injury inflicted and the compensation paid. This however, seems impossible in such a case, for there is no common measure of reputation and money. Moreover, however large a sum of money were paid in compensation for detraction, the reputation which had suffered would not thereby be restored. Justice, however, requires that what has been taken away should be restored, not something else.

3. When one has injured another's reputation by slander or detraction, he is under a grave obligation in serious matters to restore his neighbour's good name as far as he is able, and to make reparation for all other damage which the injured party has suffered in consequence of the slander or detraction. If he has lost his position or money, restitution of these must be made as far as possible. We saw above that more probably the detractor is not bound to pay money precisely in compensation for the injured reputation, unless condemned to do so by competent authority. The mode of restoring the injured reputation of another will vary according to circumstances. If no other way presents itself, the slanderer must say that he spoke falsely, for the reputation of the innocent is of more consequence than that of the guilty. A detractor who has injured the good name of another by making known his secret sin, cannot, of course, say that he spoke falsely, but he must do what he can in some other way towards the desired end. There will be no obligation to do anything if the calumny or