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 NEW BOOKS. 319 of Aristotle (pp. 3-127) ; (2) Monistico-naturalistic Psychology, after Aris- totle (pp. 128-296) ; (3) Spiritualistic reaction against Naturalism (pp. 297-357) ; (4) Ancient Psychology under the influence of Christian thought (pp. 358-476). The sub-head Scholasticism (pp. 401-76), while covering the Realistic movement as far as Thomas, leaves the beginnings of new inquiry, by Roger Bacon, by the Nominalists, as also by Duns Scotus, to be considered in connexion with the following period, fixed by the author to end with last century, as the subject of his Part ii. ; while Part iii. will record all the varied psychological activity of the present century. Kant's Theorie der Materie. Von AUGUST STABLER. Leipzig : Hirzel, 1883. Pp. ix. 268. The author, who in 1876 published one of the best pieces of newer Kantian work, Die Grundsdtze der reinen Erkenntnisstheorie in der Kantischen Philosophic (Hirzel, pp. 158), now attempts " to set out the main ideas of Kant's Metaphysische Anfangsgriinde der Naturwissenschaft in such a way as that all the difficulties that admit of solution may solve themselves ". In spite of the earlier proofs given by Kant of familiarity with physical con- ceptions, the treatise has been little regarded or has been set aside as of no scientific value. What Dr. Stadler here seeks to show is how strictly the theory of matter which it contains is related to the fundamental doctrine of Critical Idealism. Its value will then be rated according to the import- ance that is attached to philosophical insight. The work of exposition and commentary is done with admirable thoroughness, and may be said to bring the treatise for the first time completely within range. Dr. Stadler does not overlook the merits of Professor Watson's summary of the treatise in Kant and his English Critics. Erliiuterungen zu Kants Kritik der reinen Vemunft. Von Dr. ALFOXS BILHARZ. Wiesbaden : Bergmann, 1884. Pp. xvi. 366. This work falls into three parts : (1) " The K. d. r. V. in a nutshell " (pp. 1-128); (2) "Common Human Understandings. School-philosophy" (pp. 130-56); (3) "The K. d. r. V. stript of its leaves" (pp. 159-366). The final critical process of Zerblatterung follows, one by one, the heads of the expository section, which is well and carefully done. The author, who has previously sought to found " a real natural philosophy " in a work entitled Der Heliocentrische StandpunJct der Welibetrachtung (Cotta), formulates against Kant the general charge of having failed to carry out fully his thought of working in philosophy a complete revolution like that wrought by Coper- nicus in astronomy. What Kant accomplished in divesting the object of its sense-forms, referring these to the subject, and then pronouncing the real object or Ding-an-sich unknowable, was no more than as if Copernicus had transferred himself in imagination to the fixed centre of the earth from its moving surface. The proper analogue of the heliocentric point of view in the theory of knowledge is the truly objective as opposed to the subjec- tive position that from which the true object can be reached in thought, or, in other words, is understood to be covered by the subjective notion of object. II Teismo filosofico cristiano teoricamente e storicamente considerate con ispetial riguardo a S. Tomrnaso e al Teismo Italiano del secolo XIX. Per PAS- QUALE d' ERCOLE, Professore ordinario di filosofia nell' Universita di Torino. Parte prima : " Le Contraddizioni e le infondate Dimostra- zioui del Teismo". Torino: Loescher, 1884. Pp. xv. 700. In this volume the author works out one half of an extensive scheme ;