Page:Mind (Old Series) Volume 12.djvu/483

 470 NEW BOOKS. In the order given, Prof. Ladd has here completed his purpose of trans- lating the whole series of Lotze's Dictate, except those on the Philosophy of Nature and on German Philosophy since Kant ; the earlier pieces of the translated series having before been mentioned in MIND. He is not only responsible for the whole translation of the present parts, but has, in fact, executed all with his own hand, except some sections of the Logic. This guarantees the philosophical intelligence with which an enterprise of diffi- culty as well as importance has been carried out to its close ; while of the faithfulness of the rendering throughout, it may be said that it has been only too great, since Lotze's sentences, instead of being given exactly as they stand, could well have borne to be broken up at need, in the admirable fashion of the Oxford translation of the System. (We have, by the way, noted in the Outlines of Metaphysics, since it was mentioned in MIND, one awkward mistranslation at p. 5, 1. 11, where " modes of experience " is given, by an obvious confusion, for Ferfahrungsweisen.) All the claims that Prof. Ladd makes for each of the pieces in turn are to be heartily supported. The Psychology, in particular, is a real gift to students. It may be a surprise to some to find how nearly it gives, within short compass, the whole gist of bk. iii. in the large Metaphysic of the System. This bk. iii. is indeed somewhat of an anomaly where it stands, being by no means confined to the purely rational psychology to be there expected. Certainly the Outlines of Psychology have to be added to the Outlines of Metaphysic before the student has in abstract the whole of the doctrine that Lotze ended by treating as metaphysical. In the old Metaphysik of 1841 it was not Psychology that formed with Lotze the third and last division of his subject, but such a treatment of the " Truth of Knowledge " as in the Outlines of Metaphysic is still called Phenomenology, though he had meanwhile already come to adopt the traditional names of Ontology and Cosmology for his first and second divisions. The Foundations of Ethics. By JOHN EDWARD MAUDE, M.A. Edited by WILLIAM JAMES, Professor of Philosophy in Harvard College. New York : Henry Holt & Co., 1887. Pp. iv., 220. The present work, by an author who died prematurely (he was born in 1855 and died in 1885), deserves, by its intrinsic interest, all the attention that Prof. James claims for it in his short preface. It has, above all, as he points out, the merits of " clearness in making distinctions," and " logical consistency in the use of them when made". The brief sketch of the author's life that is prefixed will increase the regret which all readers must feel that he should only have had time to give this " one glimpse of his quality". The distinctions that Maude takes for the basis of his ethical doctrine are contained in his definitions of these four pairs of terms :-^~(l) Good and Bad, (2) Right and Wrong, (3) Moral and Immoral, (4) Virtue and Vice. Of these only the last, he holds, is properly ethical. "Good" is that which causes pleasure, and so is an objective character of things or actions, and not a subject of properly ethical judgment, which can refer only to the agent. " Right " means conformable to law ; " moral " means conformable to good custom. The proper subject of ethics is virtue or vice, for which alone the agent is truly responsible. All virtue consists in "effort" or "action" put forth in opposition to desire or impulse, and all vice in the absence of effort. Since it is impossible for anyone but the agent himself to determine the intensity of the effort put forth, a science of pure ethics is impossible. There is, however, a science of " good," and this science is that to which Utilitarians have been accustomed to give the name of ethics. Pleasures differ only quantitatively ; yet on account of the differences among the perceptions with which they are combined and