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 P. MAINLANDER, DIE PHILOSOPHIE DER ERLOSUNG. 419 it plays no part in his exposition. We here reach what seems likely to be the champ de bataille in English psychology, now that Mr. Ward, in his article "Psychology" just contributed to the Encydopcedia Britannica, has posited with such insistence the claims of attention as the active principle of mind. We shall all soon have to select under which banner Attention or Associa- tion we shall fight : but the side we choose will probably be determined by one of those individual differences of attitude which met us at the beginning of M. Binet's book. As there are visuals, audiles and motiles among men, so there are some who can regard themselves as floating down the stream of their own conscious- ness, while others prefer to think that, notwithstanding the influ- ence of wind and tide, they direct their own course. M. Binet, by his present work, seems to range himself with the former. But there is a passage in his book (p. 53) which indicates that he feels the weakness of his position : " Quand on a prononce ce grand mot d'association on pense avoir tout dit. C'est un tort." JOSEPH JACOBS. Die Philosophic der Erldsung. Von PHILIPP MAINLANDER. Zweite Auflage. Berlin : Theodor Hofmann, 1879. Pp. viii., 623. (Die Philosophie der Erldsung. Zweiter Band.) Zwolf pliilosophisclie, Essays. Von PHILIPP MAINLANDER. 5 Lieferungen. Frank- furt a. M. : C. Kcenitzer, 1882-6. Pp. 655. Ph. Mainlander was a disciple of Schopenhauer, who in a manner at once original and consistent with his master's principles had worked out a doctrine that may be regarded as the completed type of pessimism, when, in 1876, his early death occurred before the appearance, in that year, of his first volume, entitled The Philosophy of Redemption. His Ticelve Philosophical Essays, of which the last was not published till the present year, were intended as a sequel to that work, and the volume which they fill bears the same title. As the two volumes are not only in name but in reality parts of a single work, it seemed desirable to wait for the completion of the Essays before any attempt was made to give a survey of the author's philosophical system. This system, although it is especially deserving of the attention of those who are willing to face a philosophical argument ending with the proposition that " the knowledge that life is worthless is the flower of all human wisdom," is at present quite unknown in England. The best mode of exposition, therefore, will be to give first an outline of Mainlander 's whole work, and then of his doctrine, unaccompanied by any criticism except such as is neces- sary in order to bring out its distinctive character. Of the volumes that contain all we shall now have of Main- liinder's philosophy, the first consists of The Philosophy of Redemp- tion itself (pp. 1-358) together with an Appendix in which the author explains, by detailed criticism, his relation to Kant and